Improvement and breeding
Najmeh Hadi; Razieh Azimi; Mahdi Yahyazadeh; Maryam Mackizadeh; S. Fekri Qomi; Simin Mohit
Abstract
Background and objectives: Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is a valuable medicinal plant with many applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic health industries. Chamomile's biological properties are attributed to its essential oil (EO) compounds, especially chamazulene and a-bisabolol ...
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Background and objectives: Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is a valuable medicinal plant with many applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic health industries. Chamomile's biological properties are attributed to its essential oil (EO) compounds, especially chamazulene and a-bisabolol oxide A, and flavonoids, esp. apigenin and luteolin. Evaluation of wild plant populations belonging to different geographical regions in situ (study on wild samples) and ex-situ (study on wild samples under agricultural conditions) is a crucial step in plant breeding and selection of promising genotypes. On the other hand, cultivation and domestication of wild plants under agricultural conditions improve plant yield and prevent unnecessary harvesting and extinction of the plant. In the present study, the quantitative and qualitative EO diversity of some wild chamomile was investigated.Methodology: Flowers and seeds of 15 wild chamomile populations were collected from Iran's natural habitats, including 12 populations from Khuzistan province (Kh1-12), 2 populations from Fars province (F1-2), and 1 population from Bushehr province (F3) in 2021 (February-May). Flowers were used for essential oil extraction, and seeds were planted in a randomized complete block design (treatment = genotype) with three replications. The research farm located at Alborz Research Station, affiliated with the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Alborz province, was considered a cultivation site without adding fertilizer to the soil. The seeds were sown directly in the field with a 15 cm distance between the planting lines and 15 cm between the plants on the lines (April 2021). Drip irrigation was used, and weeding was done mechanically. Flowers with less than 5 cm of peduncles were harvested manually at the 70% full bloom stage. The shade-dried flower EOs were extracted by water distillation (Clevenger) for 3 hours, and their quantitative and qualitative analysis was done using GC and GC/MS.Results: The results showed that sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and diacetylenes made the highest EO compounds percentage in both wild and cultivated samples. Chamazulene (from sesquiterpene hydrocarbons) and a-bisabolol oxide A (from oxygenated sesquiterpenes), as two important chamomile EO compounds, showed an increase from wild to cultivated samples. Among the wild samples, the highest chamazulene (5.3%) and a-bisabolol oxide A (21.5%) contents were assigned to the populations Kh8 and Kh4, respectively. In the cultivated samples, the highest amount of these compounds (11.1 and 32.3%, respectively) was obtained in the populations Kh7 and F2, respectively. In general, the main EO compounds (%) in the wild and cultivated populations included α-bisabolone oxide A (wild: 31.3 (F1) to 64.5 (Kh3) and cultivated: 29.8 (F2) to 56 (Kh3)), α-bisabolol oxide A (wild: 5.8 (Kh5) to 21.5 (Kh4) and cultivated: 10.3 (Kh3) to 32.3 (F2)), E-β-farnesene (wild: 6.1 (Kh3) to 23.3 (Kh8) and cultivated: 6.9 (Kh1) to 15.6 (F3)), Z-spiroether (wild: 0 (F1) to 16.1 (Kh1) and cultivated: 9.1 (Kh7) to 15.1 (Kh13)), and chamazulene (wild: 1.6 (F1) to 5.3 (Kh8) and cultivated: 4.7 (Kh6) to 11.1 (Kh7)). Also, the EO% was obtained more in the cultivated samples (0.9 (Kh5) to 1.4% (Kh13)) than in the wild ones (0.1 (Kh6) to 0.5% (Kh10).Conclusion: The results of this research showed that by cultivating wild populations under agricultural conditions and water and crop management, it is possible to have essential oil in the desired quantity and quality compared to wild ones. It should be noted that the results of repeating population cultivation under the same conditions in the following years will be reported in proportion to the data output.
F. Askari; M. Mirza; M. Golipour; S. Fekri Qomi
Abstract
The genus Achillea has 19 species of herbaceous, perennial and aromatic plant in Iran. This genus of compositae family has complex characteristics. Chamazolene is a major component of essential oil of inflorescence and leaf, reported to be used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. A. millefolium ...
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The genus Achillea has 19 species of herbaceous, perennial and aromatic plant in Iran. This genus of compositae family has complex characteristics. Chamazolene is a major component of essential oil of inflorescence and leaf, reported to be used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. A. millefolium L. subsp. elbursensis is an endemic subspecies of Iran and no studies have been conducted on the cultivation of this species; therefore a preliminary study was conducted on the cultivation and its effect on secondary metabolites. For this purpose, the seeds of Achillea were collected from Dizine area in October 2016. The seeds of Achillea were cultivated in a greenhouse at the beginning of March and seedlings were transplanted to the farm in late April 2017.At flowering stage in August, aerial parts were collected in two consecutive years to obtain the essential oils. To compare the essential oil of cultivated samples with habitat samples, the aerial parts of Achillea were collected from Dizin at the flowering stage in August 2017. The plant parts including leaf and inflorescence were dried in laboratory and were crushed to particles. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. The color of A. millefolium essential oils was dark blue. The yields of A. millefolium essential oils of leaf and inflorescence (w/w dried weight) from habitat samples were 0.11% and 0.53%, respectively, and from cultivated samples were 0.28% and 0.50% in 2017 and 0.26% and 1.30% in 2018, respectively. Chamazulene was the major constituent of leaf (5.7%) and inflorescence (52.5%) oils in the habitat samples. The content of this compound in cultivated samples was 50.6% and 67.1% in the first year, and 59.6% and 71.3% in the second year, respectively. Another major constituents were caryophyllene alcohol, caryophyllene oxide, camphor, borneol and b-eudesmol. Chamazulene as major compound of the oil, found in all aerial parts of cultivated samples, while, it was found only in the inflorescence of wild sample.
M.S. Dehghani; M. Naeemi; E. Gholamali Alamdari; H. Jabari
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of chitosan foliar application under water deficit stress conditions on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), a study was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with factorial arrangement of treatments ...
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In order to evaluate the effects of chitosan foliar application under water deficit stress conditions on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), a study was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with factorial arrangement of treatments and three replications at Gonbad Kavous University research field, Iran in 2014 growing season. Treatments included irrigation at two levels, irrigation after 60 mm evaporation from class A pan and 100 mm evaporation from class A pan, and chitosan spraying at five levels including non-application of chitosan (spraying with distilled water as control (K1)), chitosan spraying at 125 mg/l after 60 days of planting (K2), 125 mg/l after 75 days of planting (K3), 250 mg/l after 60 days of planting (K4) and 250 mg/l after 75 days of planting (K5). Results showed that water deficit stress decreased the plant height, number of flowers, plant dry weight and flower dry yield. Foliar application of chitosan increased the number of branches per plant and flower dry yield. Results indicated that utilization of second level of chitosan under stress and third level of chitosan under normal irrigation improved the chamazolen essential oil percentage and yield. According to results of this study, application of chitosan spraying at 125 mg/l after 60 days of planting under deficit water stress conditions caused the highest percentage and yield of essential oil and chamazulene percentage. In general, in order to prevent and reduce the damage of water stress as well as increased chamazulene, the use of bio-polymer chitosan as a natural material in German chamomile is important.
E. Tohidi Nejad; F. Rastegari
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of water stress and fertilizer on yield and quality of chamomile (Marticaia chamomilla L.), a field experiment was conducted based on split plots design with three replications in the research farm of Jiroft Jahad-e Agriculture Organization, in 2010. The experimental ...
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In order to evaluate the effects of water stress and fertilizer on yield and quality of chamomile (Marticaia chamomilla L.), a field experiment was conducted based on split plots design with three replications in the research farm of Jiroft Jahad-e Agriculture Organization, in 2010. The experimental treatments included water stress as main plot in three levels: 40, 80 and 120 mm evaporation from the class A evaporation pan, and fertilizer as sub plot in five levels: control, nitroxyn, bio-phosphate, biosulfore, and cow fertilizer. The traits measured included the number of main stem, number of lateral branches, plant height, number of capitol per plant, capitol diameter, plant dry matter, flower fresh and dry weight, essential oil content, and chamazulene yield. The results showed that the effects of drought stress on all qualitative and quantitative traits were significant (P≤0.01). Means comparison showed that the yield was reduced by 25.1 % in irrigation after 120 mm evaporation, compared to the control. The highest yield and yield componentswas obtained from irrigation after 40 mm evaporation with application of cow fertilizer. The highest values of essential oil percentage (0.85%) and essential oil yield (6.32 kg ha-1) were observed in the treatment of moderate stress and biosulfore. In addition, the highest chamazulene percentage (6.45%) and chamazulene yield (396.8 kg ha-1) were obtained from the nitroxyn and biosulfore fertilizer treatments in the moderate stress condition. Generally, the results showed that cow fertilizer in the severe stress and biosulfore in mild stress conditions were the best treatments in chamomile production.
M.A. Kohanmoo; M. Aghaalikhani; F. Rejali
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate the yield and quality response of two endemic chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) ecotypes from Bushehr and a commercial ecotype from Esfahan to biofertilizers, a field experiment was conducted during two growing seasons of 2008 and 2009 at the research farm of ...
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This research was aimed to investigate the yield and quality response of two endemic chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) ecotypes from Bushehr and a commercial ecotype from Esfahan to biofertilizers, a field experiment was conducted during two growing seasons of 2008 and 2009 at the research farm of Persian Gulf University (Boushehr campus). The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete blocks design in a factorial arrangement with three replications. Treatments consisted of chamomile ecotypes, mycorrhisal inoculationfection (with and without) and amount of micro-biophosphate fertilizer (0, 30 and 60kg.ha-1). Morphological traits and flower yield were evaluated from the flowering period onwards and trhen the essential oil concentration, Chamazulene and Apigenine 7-glycoside percentage were measured. Also, after final harvest, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content of chamomile plant and soil were investigated. Result showed that except of the main effect of ecotypes, the other main and interaction effects on the measured traits were insignificant. The flower dry weight of Bushehr ecotypes (1 and 2) was %34 more than that of Esfahan ecotype in 1st year. However, in 2nd year, Boushehr2 had the highest dry flower yield (1132.66 kgha-1) followed by Boushehr1 and Esfahan ecotypes with 12.4 and 48.8 percent loss, respectively. In both years of experiment, Esfahan ecotype produced more chamazulene in essential oil and Boushehr ecotypes were superior treatments for Apigenine 7-glycoside in dried flower (p≤0.05). Although our finding revealed no significant effect of biofertilizers on all measured traits, a dry flower yield of 800-1000 kgha-1, 3 kg ha-1 essential oil, high percentage of chamazulene in essential oil (15-16% for Esfahan and 5-7% for Boushehr ecotypes), and considerable amount of Apigenine 7-glycoside in dried flower (10-12.7 kgha-1) demonstrated the high potential yield of chamomile using biofertilizers under field condition. Therefore, since chamomile showed a proper and vast ecological adaptation to the cultural conditions in Boushehr region, it could be introduced to the low input agricultural systems as a reliable part of local crop rotations.
H. Zeinali; A. Moslehi Yazddeli; L. Safaei; Z. Jaberalansar; A. Akhondi; Z. Skanderi
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate the effects of different amounts of NPK fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of Matricaria chamomilla L. The experiment was conducted during 2007-2008 in Barij Essence Company of Kashan in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design ...
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This research was aimed to investigate the effects of different amounts of NPK fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of Matricaria chamomilla L. The experiment was conducted during 2007-2008 in Barij Essence Company of Kashan in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.Treatments consisted of three levels of N (0, 50, 100 kgha-1), P2O5 (0, 25, 50 kgha-1) and K2O (0, 25, 50 kgha-1). Plant height, number of flower per plant, number of lateral branches, dry and fresh weight per plant, flower yield/m2, flower diameter, essential oil percentage, and chamazulene were measured. N levels showed significant differences for the number of flower per plant, fresh weight per plant, number of lateral branches, flower yield/m2 and dry and fresh weight of flower (p < 0.05). Analysis of data showed significant differences for fresh weight per plant under different levels of P2O5 (p < 0.05). K levels showed no significant differences for all traits. Interaction of N and P2O5 levels revealed significant differences for fresh and dry weight per plant and flower yield/m2 (p < 0.01). Interaction of N and K2o5 was significant for flower diameter (p < 0.05). Analysis of mean comparison for flower yield per m2 showed that the highest flower yield was obtained at 50 kg/ha N and 25 kg/ha P2O5, and the lowest flower yield was obtained at 100 kg/ha N and 50 kg/ha P2O5. NPK fertilizers did not affect chamazulene and essential oil. In conclusion, Matricaria chamomilla L. requires few nutrient elements.
M. Alijani; M. Amini Dehaghi; M.A. Malboobi; M. Zahedi; S.A.M. Modares Sanavi
Abstract
In order to study the effect of triple super phosphate (in three levels of 0, 50 and 80 kilograms of pure phosphorus per hectare) with or without phosphorus bio-fertilizer (Barvar 2) on yield and essential oil production of Matricaria recutita L., an experiment was conducted in a factorial design based ...
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In order to study the effect of triple super phosphate (in three levels of 0, 50 and 80 kilograms of pure phosphorus per hectare) with or without phosphorus bio-fertilizer (Barvar 2) on yield and essential oil production of Matricaria recutita L., an experiment was conducted in a factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications at research farm of Shahed University in Tehran, 2008. In this experiment, phonologic attributes (the time of appearance of the first bud and flower, number of flowers, fresh weight of flowers) and physiologic attributes (amount of essential oil and percentage of chamazulene) were studied. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the level of 1% among the treatments of phosphorus fertilizer with a view to yield (number of flowers and dry weight of flower) and the amount of 40 Kg phosphorus together with bio-fertilizer with production of 452.93 flowers and 7.74 grams of dry flower had the highest yield as compared with the other fertilizer treatments. Also the treatment of 40 kilograms of phosphorus together with bio-fertilizer with production of 0.53 milliliter essential oil and 15.81 percent chamazulene (effective ingredient) from 152/52 gr-1 m2 of dry flower had the highest yield of essential oil and chamazulene percentage. According to the results applying of 40 kilograms of phosphorus per hectare together with 80 kilograms of nitrogen with seeds inoculated by phosphorus biologic fertilizer of Barvar 2 is recommended.
B. Mirshekari
Abstract
In order to study the effects of irrigation time and nitrogen fertilizer on growth period, essential oil and chamazulene yield of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), Bodegold variety, an experiment was conducted in a cold and semi-arid region, Tabriz, Iran, as split factorial with irrigation ...
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In order to study the effects of irrigation time and nitrogen fertilizer on growth period, essential oil and chamazulene yield of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), Bodegold variety, an experiment was conducted in a cold and semi-arid region, Tabriz, Iran, as split factorial with irrigation times (after 60, 120, 180 mm evaporation from pan), urea rates (50, 100, 150 kg ha-1, equivalent with 23, 46 and 69 kg ha-1 pure nitrogen) and urea splitting (100% in planting time, equally in planting and stem elongation stages, 25%:50%: 25% in planting, stem elongation and early flowering stages). Analysis of flower essential oil was done by GC/MS. Results showed that emergence of flower bud in treatments irrigated after 180 and 60 mm evaporation from pan, happened after 70 and 78 days respectively. Increasing of urea application delayed full flowering of chamomile. Delay in irrigation from 60 to 120 mm evaporation reduced dry flower yield up to 2.3%. Application of nitrogen fertilizer at two stages of planting and stem elongation increased flower yield up to 351 kg ha-1. Shoot dry weight of chamomile increased from 76 g m-2 in the third level of irrigation to 126 g m-2 in average of first and second levels of irrigation. The highest essential oil yield (2.82 l ha-1) was obtained when urea was equally applied at planting and stem elongation stages. After applying 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 urea, chamazulene content was respectively calculated as 0.31, 0.44 and 0.36 l ha-1. According to the results, for chamomile cultivation in this region and also other similar areas it is recommended that irrigation is done after 120 mm evaporation from pan and 46 kg ha-1 nitrogen is equally applied at planting and stem elongation stages.
M.T. Ebadi; M. Azizi; R. Omidbaigi; M. Hassanzadeh khayyat
Abstract
In order to study the effect of sowing date and harvest frequency on flower yield, essential oil percent and composition of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) CV. Presov, prepared from Slovakia, an experiment was conducted. The experiment was split-plot method based on randomized complete block design ...
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In order to study the effect of sowing date and harvest frequency on flower yield, essential oil percent and composition of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) CV. Presov, prepared from Slovakia, an experiment was conducted. The experiment was split-plot method based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Main plots consisted of three sowing dates (6th Nov, 5th Mar, and 4th Apr) and sub-plots included three harvest frequencies (first, second and third). Evaluated traits were dry flower yield, essential oil percentage and yield, yield of b-farnesene, a-bisabolol oxide B, a-bisabolol, chamazulene, a-bisabolol oxide A. The results showed that sowing date, harvest frequency and their interaction had significant effect on these parameters. Based on the results, the most dry flower yield (40 g/m2) was obtained from the second harvest of 6th November. Also the highest essential oil content (0.72 percent w/w), essential oil yield (0.26 g/m2) and a-bisabolol yield (0.2375 g/m2) were obtained from the second harvest of March and the most chamazulene yield (0.0473 g/m2) was obtained from the third harvest of March that it had a little difference with second harvest. According to the results, the best chamomile quality was attained in second harvest of March sowing date in Mashhad condition.
M.T. Ebadi; M. Azizi; R. Omidbaigi; M. Hassanzadeh Khayyat
Abstract
In this research, the effect of sowing date and seeding level on flower yield, essential oil and chamazulene content of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) CV. Presov, purchased from Slovakia, was studied. The experimental was split-plot in the basic of randomized complete blocked design (RCBD) with three ...
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In this research, the effect of sowing date and seeding level on flower yield, essential oil and chamazulene content of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) CV. Presov, purchased from Slovakia, was studied. The experimental was split-plot in the basic of randomized complete blocked design (RCBD) with three replications. Main plots consisted of three sowing dates (6 Nov., 5 Mar. and 4 Apr.) and sub-plots included three seeding levels (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 g/m2). Evaluated traits were plant height, number of plants in plot, diameter of flower, fresh and dry flower yield, essential oil yield, essential oil and chamazulene percent. The results showed that sowing date had significant effect but seeding levels had only significant effect on number of plants in plot and essential oil yield. There are significant effects between sowing date and seeding level as measured traits are concerned. Based on the results, highest plant (47.4 cm), the most number of plants in plot (135.4 plants), the most fresh and dry flower yield (749.1 and 175.1 g/m2) were obtained from the plants which sown on 6 of Nov. but highest percentage of essential oil and chamazulene (0.59 and 5.62 percent respectively) and essential oil yield (0.79 g/m2) was obtained from the plants which sown on 5 of Mar. According to the results of their interaction, highest plant (49.7 cm), the most yield of wet and dry flower yield (810 and 198.2 g/m2) were obtained from the plots which sown on 6 of Nov. with 0.8 g/m2 but the most essential oil and chamazulene content (0.63 and 5.9 w/w percent respectively) and essential oil yield (0.97 g/m2) was obtained from the plots that were sown on 5 of Mar. with 0.4 g/m2. According to the results, the most suitable sowing date and seeding level in Mashhad condition is 5th Mar. with 0.4 g/m2 seeds.
