Improvement and breeding
Farahnaz Houshidari; Seyed Reza Tabaei-Aghdaei; Fatemeh Sefidkon; Bayzid Yousefi
Abstract
Abstract: Savory belongs to the family Lamiaceae and genus Satureja. Among the 16 species of savory in Iran, 9 are endemic to Iran. In this study, we evaluated the adaptation of different savory accessions (Satureja spp.) in the climatic condition of Kurdistan province. For this purpose, we studied 37 ...
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Abstract: Savory belongs to the family Lamiaceae and genus Satureja. Among the 16 species of savory in Iran, 9 are endemic to Iran. In this study, we evaluated the adaptation of different savory accessions (Satureja spp.) in the climatic condition of Kurdistan province. For this purpose, we studied 37 accessions belonging to 10 species of Satureja in an experiment with a randomized complete block design in three replications at the Grize Station in Sanandaj during 2009-2013. Savory species include S.sahendica Bornm, S. avromanica Maroofi, S. bachtiarica Bunge, S. spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss, S. mutica Fisch, S. macrantha CAMey, S. atropatana Bunge, S. rechingeriJamzad ,S. khuzistanica Jamzad, S.isophylla Rech. First, we collected the seeds of 37 populations from the Satureja spp. from different regions of Iran as a part of a large project executed by experts in the Iranian Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Then we planted the seeds using transplanting trays and finally at the stage of 8-10 leaves, the healthy plants were selected to be cultivated in special pots. Based on the results of variance analysis there was a significant difference between species and accessions at the level of (p≤0.01) in terms of essential oil yield percentage, essential oil yield per hectare (based on the dry weight of flower and leaf per hectare), total phenolic compounds of essential oil, plant’s fresh weight yield per hectare and plant’s dry weight yield per hectare, dry weight of leaf and flower yield per hectare, canopy area, the mean of the branch’s height and establishment percentage. Also, the effect of year on essential oil yield was significant.
Agriculture and horticulture
Vahideh Samadiyan-Sarbangholi; B. Abaszadeh; Fatemeh Sefidkon; Mehrdad Yarnia
Abstract
Bachground and objective: Deficiency or excess of any growth factor leads to morphological, anatomical, physiological, and growth disorders in plants. Drought stress means a lack of water in the plant. This situation occurs when the amount of transpiration exceeds the amount of water absorption. Low ...
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Bachground and objective: Deficiency or excess of any growth factor leads to morphological, anatomical, physiological, and growth disorders in plants. Drought stress means a lack of water in the plant. This situation occurs when the amount of transpiration exceeds the amount of water absorption. Low irrigation (watering less than the optimal water requirement of the plant) is a strategy to save water, but it affects the plant at a particular stage of growth or the entire season. Biofertilizers develop the root system, changing host plant water relations and plant metabolism. They also activate the defense system, improving access to minerals and tolerance to drought in the host plant, making it environmentally friendly and natural. To manage the prevailing water crisis, one should look for solutions such as reducing water consumption and stopping irrigation at all stages of growth. This is without harming the plant's final performance. In addition, due to the importance of medicinal plants and increasing their biomass, biological fertilizers and the adjustment of drought stress effects have a special place. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. against dehydration at different stages of growth. It also investigated the consumption of mycorrhizal fungi and growth-stimulating bacteria to manage plant production with high quality and quantity.Methodology: The experiment was carried out in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, in 2018. The main and sub-factors were included in 4 water stress (I1: without stress, I2: cut irrigation in stem elongation stage, I3: cut irrigation at the budding stage and I4: cut irrigation at 50% flowering stage) and 5 biofertilizer levels (b1: without inoculation, b2: inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae, b3: inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis, b4: Funneliformis mosseae + Rhizophagus irregularis and b5: Azosprillium+Pseudomonas+Azetobacter), respectively. The harvest was in full flowering stage.Results: The comparison of the average of irrigation interruptions showed that the most number of leaves, stem diameter, canopy extent, root weight, leaf yield, flowering stem yield, and flowering branch yield belonged to the irrigation interruption at the 50% flowering stage. Inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae mycorrhizal fungus achieved the highest leaf yield (912.06 kg/ha), flowering stem yield (1071.25 kg/ha) and flowering branch yield (1983.32 kg/ha) in inoculation with Azosprillium + Pseudomonas + Azotobacter was observed. The highest percentage of essential oil was found in inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae with an average of 1.76%. The maximum average yield of essential oil at 30.50 kg/ha was observed in the inoculation treatment with Azosprillium + Pseudomonas + Azotobacter. The results of the comparison of the average of the interaction effect showed that the maximum height of the plant and the number of inflorescences with an average of 61.72 cm and 30.46 per plant were found in the interaction effect of the treatment of interruption of irrigation at the stemming stage and inoculation of Rhizophagus irregularis + Funneliformis mosseae, which is about 31 and 39 The percentage increased compared to their lowest value. Stopping irrigation in the budding stage ×Funneliformis mosseae had the highest percentage of essential oil with an average of 2.33%. Stopping irrigation in the stemming stage ×Rhizophagus irregularis had the lowest essential oil percentage. The highest leaf yield (1212.83 kg/ha), flowering stem yield (1494.75 kg/ha), flowering branch yield (2707.58 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (44.39 kg/ha) in the interaction effect of cutting × Azosprillium + Pseudomonas + Azotobacter irrigation was observed at the 50% flowering stage, which increased by 70, 82, 81 and 87% compared to the lowest ones.Conclusion: The correct management of soil fertility, improvement, and maintenance of soil fertility in modern agricultural systems will provide the nutrients needed by the plant and thus enhance the yield. Therefore, in recent years, many studies have been conducted on biological fertilizers. Mycorrhizal fungi are essential factors in the stable plant-soil system, which coexists with more than 85% of plants. Drought stress is one of the most influential environmental factors in plant growth and causes morphological, physiological, and metabolic changes. In addition, biofertilizers increase plant access to nutrients and produce and direct hormones involved in the growth of the root environment. They also increase stress tolerance and enhance yield. Considering the arid and semi-arid conditions of the country and the increase in demand for medicinal plants and Satureja bachtiarica spices, it is recommended to stop irrigation at the 50% flowering stage and use Azotobacter, Azospirillium, and Pseudomonas biofertilizers to obtain the maximum yield of leaves, flowering branches, and essential oil.
Improvement and breeding
M. Rahghoshahi; Kh. Panahi Kord Laghari; M.M. Rahimi
Abstract
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is one of the valuable medicinal plants cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, facing to drought stress. Accordingly, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of algae extract and humic acid on cumin under drought stress conditions as a factorial split ...
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Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is one of the valuable medicinal plants cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, facing to drought stress. Accordingly, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of algae extract and humic acid on cumin under drought stress conditions as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in a farm located in Boyer-Ahmad city, 35 km from Yasouj, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province in 2019 and 2020 years. The experimental factors included drought stress as the main factor at three levels of irrigation after consumption of 35 (control), 70, and 90% of soil moisture and humic acid at two levels of 0 and 300 mg.L-1 and algae at two levels of 0 and 2 L.ha-1 as the sub-factors. The results showed that foliar application of humic acid and algae extract had a significant effect on essential oil yield, number of branches, biological yield, grain yield, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per umbrella, number of umbrellas per plant, plant height, and essential oil percentage and improved the negative effects of drought stress. The highest grain yield, 1000-grain weight, essential oil yield, and number of grains per umbrella were obtained by foliar application of humic acid and algae extract. The application of humic acid was more effective than algae extract on traits except yield and essential oil percentage which were more affected by algae extract. In general, the results showed that foliar application of humic acid and algae extract could moderate the adverse stress conditions and increase cumin yield by 41.4%.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Jamali Dost; A. Salehi; H.R. Balouchi; P. Rostampour
Abstract
To investigate the response of quantitative and qualitative yield of ajwain (Carum copticum L.) to the irrigation cut-off in different nutritional regimes, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm of Sarvestan Agricultural ...
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To investigate the response of quantitative and qualitative yield of ajwain (Carum copticum L.) to the irrigation cut-off in different nutritional regimes, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm of Sarvestan Agricultural Jihad Organization, Fars province in 2019. The factors consisted of irrigation as the main factor at two levels (optimal irrigation and irrigation cut-off at flowering stage) and nutritional regime as the sub-factor at six levels (control, mycorrhiza, 15 ton.ha-1 manure, 15 ton.ha-1 manure + mycorrhiza, 30 ton.ha-1 manure, and 30 ton.ha-1 manure + mycorrhiza). The irrigation cut-off treatment reduced the plant height, number of umbrellas per plant, number of seeds per umbrella, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield by 30.65, 37.25, 46.12, 43.40, 24.40, 41.78, 19.68, and 52.86%, respectively compared to the optimal irrigation. The use of manure and mycorrhiza significantly increased all the mentioned traits. Moreover, the interaction of irrigation and nutritional sources treatments significantly affected only the percentage and essential oil yield. The highest percentage (2.80%) and essential oil yield (15.02 kg.ha-1) was observed in the 30 ton.ha-1 manure + mycorrhiza and optimum irrigation treatment. The lowest essential oil percentage (1.60%) was obtained in the control and optimum irrigation treatment and the lowest essential oil yield (4.62 kg.ha-1) resulted from the control and irrigation cut-off treatment.
Agriculture and horticulture
A. Koushki; A. Alinejadian-Bidabadi; A. Maleki
Abstract
To investigate the effects of rice husk biochar application on the various physiological and biochemical characteristics (fresh and aerial parts dry weight, plant height, percentage and essential oil yield,and content of chlorophylls, carotenoids, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) of peppermint ...
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To investigate the effects of rice husk biochar application on the various physiological and biochemical characteristics (fresh and aerial parts dry weight, plant height, percentage and essential oil yield,and content of chlorophylls, carotenoids, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under different irrigation regimes, a factorial pot experiment with different levels of biochar (0, 3, and 6 t.ha-1) and irrigation (100% of full irrigation (control), 60, 80, and 120% of full irrigation) was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Lorestan University in 2019. The results showed that the highest and lowest of aerial parts fresh weight were obtained in the 3 t.ha-1 biochar + 120% of full irrigation (24.2 g.pot-1) and 3 t.ha-1 biochar + 60% of full irrigation (13.3 g.pot-1) treatments, respectively. At the 60% of full irrigation level, the dry weight, height, essential oil yield, and N and P concentration of the plant aerial parts significantly decreased by 39.8, 33.3, 26.2, 17.2, and 8.7%, respectively compared to the control; while the essential oil percentage and K concentration of aerial parts had an increasing trend. The amount of a, b, and total chlorophyll, and carotenoids decreased under the water stress conditions. The highest amount of total chlorophyll was observed in the 6 t.ha-1 biochar + 100% of full irrigation treatment. The application of 6 t.ha-1 biochar increased the fresh and aerial parts dry weight, plant height, percentage and essential oil yield, photosynthetic pigments, and N, P, and K concentration of aerial parts compared to the no biochar application, significantly. The results showed that the 6 t.ha-1 biochar + 120% of full irrigation treatment increased most of the traits studied. However, due to the importance of peppermint in terms of essential oil production, the highest essential oil percentage was obtained at the highest level of water stress.
Agriculture and horticulture
H. Alikhani; A. Rahimi; M. Shamsaddin Saied; R. Sahafi; M.R. Pirmoradi
Abstract
To study the effects of different levels of iron and zinc chelates application and supplementary irrigation on the quantity and quality of Ferula assa-foetida L. asafetida, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Neyriz City (Fars province) ...
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To study the effects of different levels of iron and zinc chelates application and supplementary irrigation on the quantity and quality of Ferula assa-foetida L. asafetida, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Neyriz City (Fars province) in 2018. The experimental treatments included the supplementary irrigation (no irrigation (control), once, and twice irrigation) and zinc and iron chelates foliar application (no foliar application (control), Zn (two per thousand) foliar application, Fe (two per thousand) foliar application, and combined Fe (1.5 per thousand) and Zn (1.5 per thousand) foliar application). The studied traits included the number of leaves, leaf length, crown diameter, aerial parts dry weight, plant survival percentage, concentration of elements Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the aerial parts, asafetida weight, and essential oil content. The results showed that the supplementary irrigation increased the number of leaves, aerial parts dry weight, and survival percentage of the plant. Twice supplementary irrigation resulted in the highest aerial parts Fe content. Also, the iron and zinc chelates foliar application increased the leaf length and survival percentage of the plant compared to the control. The highest aerial parts Fe content was obtained by iron chelate foliar application. Under both supplementary and control irrigation conditions, the zinc and iron chelates foliar application significantly increased the plant volume by 1.5 times, asafetida weight by 2 to 2.8 times, and essential oil content by 0.6 to 0.9%. In addition, under no supplementary irrigation conditions, the highest aerial parts Mn content of the plant was obtained by zinc chelate foliar application as well as combined iron and zinc chelates foliar application, but under once and twice supplementary irrigation conditions, the foliar application had no significant effect on this parameter. Under both supplementary and control irrigation conditions, the highest aerial parts Cu content of the plant was observed in no foliar application treatment. The Zn foliar application caused the highest aerial parts Zn content of the plant. Therefore, it seems that the supplementary irrigation with the foliar application of iron and zinc chelates could increase the asafetida yield and essential oil content in F. assa-foetida by improving the growth characteristics.
Agriculture and horticulture
F. Salarpour Qhoraba; H. Farahbakhsh
Abstract
To investigate the effects of chitosan foliar application on the various physiological and biochemical (proline, protein, antioxidant enzymes, and percentage and essential oil yield) characteristics and dry matter yield of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under drought stress conditions, a split-plot experiment ...
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To investigate the effects of chitosan foliar application on the various physiological and biochemical (proline, protein, antioxidant enzymes, and percentage and essential oil yield) characteristics and dry matter yield of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under drought stress conditions, a split-plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Lalehzar city, Bardsir county, Kerman province in 2019. The drought stress at four levels (35, 50, 65, and 80% of available moisture discharge) and the chitosan concentration at five levels (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 gram chitosan per liter of acetic acid) were considered as the main and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that the drought stress increased proline, antioxidant enzymes, and percentage and essential oil yield and decreased the dry matter yield significantly. The proline, antioxidant enzymes, dry matter yield, and essential oil percentage increased significantly with increasing the chitosan concentration, which resulted in a significant increase in the essential oil yield as the most important quality index in thyme. The protein and gayacol peroxidase enzyme were not affected by chitosan foliar application. In general, the results of this research showed that the higher chitosan concentrations (1.5 gram chitosan per liter of acetic acid) were more effective in ameliorating the damages induced by the drought stress and achieving the higher yield.
Agriculture and horticulture
S.M. Mohammadi; F, Sefidkon; S. Asadi-Sanam; S. Kalatejari
Abstract
To investigate the effects of different nutritional treatments on morphological characteristics, essential oil yield, and the amount of some elements in the soil and plant branches of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications ...
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To investigate the effects of different nutritional treatments on morphological characteristics, essential oil yield, and the amount of some elements in the soil and plant branches of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications and 14 nutritional treatments during two growing seasons (2017-2018, 2018-2019). Treatments included 1- C (control), 2- NPK (Chemical fertilizer 50-25-25 kg.ha-1), 3- CM30, 4- CM60 (CM: Cattle manure 30 and 60 ton.ha-1), 5- CM30+NPK, 6- CM60+NPK, 7- V5 (Vermicompost 50 ton.ha-1), 8- V5+NPK, 9- GM (Glomus mosseae), 10- GI (Glomus intraradices), 11- S0+T, 12- S250+T, 13- S500+T (S: Sulfur 0, 250, and 500 kg.ha-1, T: Thiobacillus), and 14- V5+T. The analysis of variance showed the significant effect (p < /em>≤0.01) of year×fertilizer treatments on the all morphological characteristics, percentage and essential oil yield, and the amount of potassium and sulfur of plant branches. The highest plant height in the first and second years was related to the CM30+NPK and CM60 treatments, respectively. The highest number of branches in the first and second years was observed in the CM30+NPK and GM treatments, respectively. The CM30+NPK treatment had the highest shade width in both years. Also, the highest amount of dry matter of flowering branches in the first and second years was related to the CM30+NPK and V5+T treatments, respectively. According to the results, the highest essential oil percentage in the first and second years was observed in the GM and S0 + T treatments, respectively. The application of V5+NPK and V5 +T treatments significantly increased the essential oil yield in the first and second years, respectively. The results also showed that the highest potassium content of branches in the first and second years was related to the GI and V5 + NPK treatments, respectively. Also, the highest sulfur content of branches in the first and second years was obtained in the V5 and S500 + T treatments, respectively. In general, the present study showed that the use of biofertilizers increases the efficiency of essential oil percentage and the amount of nutrients in this plant. Also, it could be recommended to use vermicompost along with the chemical and biological fertilizers to increase the essential oil yield of Satureja khuzistanica.
M. Parsa; R. Kamaei; B. Yousefi
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of different irrigation regimes and different fertilizer compositions on the yield indices and elements in peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at the research greenhouse of ...
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In order to investigate the effects of different irrigation regimes and different fertilizer compositions on the yield indices and elements in peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at the research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during the growing season 2017-2018. Factors were consisted of irrigation regime at three levels including 100% FC, 75% FC and 50% FC, and fertilizer at five levels including 1-chemical fertilizer (NPK)+bacterial biofertilizer (NPP), 2- NPP, 3-NPK, 4-micronutrient fertilizer (MIC), 5-MIC + amino acid fertilizer (AP). In this experiment, dry weight, plant height, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, protein, SPAD number, essential oil content and yield were measured. The results of analysis of variance showed that irrigation regimes and different fertilizers had significant effects on dry weight, nitrogen, phosphorus, protein and essential oil content at 1% level and on SPAD number at 5% level. The highest dry weight (14.56 g) and phosphorus (0.43%) were observed in 100% FC treatment and the highest nitrogen (2.001%), protein (12.51%), SPAD number (45.3) and potassium (1.66%) were obtained in NPK+NPP fertilizer. Also, the highest essential oil content (1.64%) was measured in 50% FC treatment. The results of this study showed that under severe drought conditions, utilization of bacterial and chemical fertilizers combinations make growth and physiological characteristics of peppermint less affected by drought stress.
F. Arabsalehi; M. Rahimmalek; M.H. Ehtemam
Abstract
Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. is one of the most important medicinal plants with different applications in pharmaceutical and sanitary industries as well as high distribution in Iran. In order to assess the morphological variation and cutting times in S. lavandulifolia genotypes, an experiment was carried ...
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Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. is one of the most important medicinal plants with different applications in pharmaceutical and sanitary industries as well as high distribution in Iran. In order to assess the morphological variation and cutting times in S. lavandulifolia genotypes, an experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with three replicates on 41 genotypes belonging to four regions including Ferydoonshahr, Damaneh, Semirom and Shahrekord. According to analysis of variance, significant differences were observed among all traits studied, while no significant differences were observed among replications. The results of mean comparison revealed that the genotype Damaneh7 in the second cutting time possessed the highest dry weight. Shahrekord 6 in the first cutting time had the highest days to flowering with 100 days. Moreover, Damaneh20 genotype in the third cutting time had the highest essential oil content (3.11%), while the lowest was obtained for Damaneh17 genotype in the first cutting time (0.04%). In general, a significant variation was observed between genotypes and different cutting times. Finally, according to cluster analysis, genotypes were divided into different clusters based on different cutting times.
F. MalekMaleki; N. Abasi; E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi; M. Barari; M.J. Zare
Abstract
This research was conducted to investigate the effect of row spacing on yield (performance), morphological indices and essential oil content of two ecotypes of Thymbra (Thymbra spicata L.) in field growing conditions during two years of 2016 and 2017. The experiment was conducted in factorial based on ...
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This research was conducted to investigate the effect of row spacing on yield (performance), morphological indices and essential oil content of two ecotypes of Thymbra (Thymbra spicata L.) in field growing conditions during two years of 2016 and 2017. The experiment was conducted in factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University. The treatments consisted of three-row spacing (20, 30 and 45 cm) and two ecotypes (Malekshahi and Sumar). The results of the combined analysis revealed that plant spacing and ecotypes had a significant effect on many parameters such as dry matter yield of leaf and plant, percentage, essential oil yield, leaf area index, number of branches, number of flowers per plant and plant height. The comparison of the mean for simple and interaction effects of parameters showed that when row distance between plants increased up to 30 cm, plant dry matter yield, leaf area index, the number of branches and canopy diameter increased in the plant. According to the positive correlation of these parameters with essential oil yield, the highest yield of essential oil was observed in this treatment. Among the two ecotypes, the Malekshahi ecotype was superior to Sumar in terms of dry matter yield of leaf and plant, essential oil, percentage and yield, number of branches, canopy diameter and leaf area index. The results of two-year planting of Thymbra spicata indicated that the highest dry matter of plant yield, leaf area index, number of branches, canopy diameter, length of inflorescence and essential oil percentage were achieved in the second year of cultivation in the row spacing of 30 cm and Malekshahi ecotype.
K. Mojtabavi; M.T Darzi
Abstract
In order to study the effects of organic and bio-fertilizers application on flower yield, yield components and essential oil quality of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), an experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with six treatments and three replications at Sohanak in Tehran ...
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In order to study the effects of organic and bio-fertilizers application on flower yield, yield components and essential oil quality of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), an experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with six treatments and three replications at Sohanak in Tehran of Iran in 2014. The treatments were 6 t/ha vermicompost, 12 t/ha vermicompost, 18 t/ha vermicompost, 6 t/ha vermicompost + nitroxin, 12 t/ha vermicompost + nitroxin and 18 t/ha vermicompost + nitroxin. The results showed that treatments had significant effects on studied traits (except essential oil content), as the highest flower no./plant, dry weight of flower, dried yield of flower, essential oil yield and α-cadinol percent in essential oil in treatment of application of 6 t/ha vermicompost and the highest gamma cadinene percent and muurolene in essential oil in treatment of integrated application of 6 t/ha vermicompost and nitroxin were obtained. Also, the highest dry weight of plant and viridiflorene percent in essential oil in treatment of application of 12 t/ha vermicompost and the highest cadinene percent in essential oil in treatment of application of 18 t/ha vermicompost were obtained. Generally, the highest flower and essential oil yields and α-cadinol percent in essential oil with application of 6 t/ha vermicompost were obtained.
M.A. Alizadeh; S. Yaryab; A.A. Jafari; P. Salehi
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate morphological and phenological traits of 12 populations of pseudo chamomile (Tripleurospermum sevasnense (Manden.) Pobed.). The study was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the Alborz research station, Karaj, Iran, ...
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This research was aimed to investigate morphological and phenological traits of 12 populations of pseudo chamomile (Tripleurospermum sevasnense (Manden.) Pobed.). The study was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the Alborz research station, Karaj, Iran, during 2011-2013. The study traits included longitudinal and transverse diameter of canopy cover, canopy cover area, plant height, number of flowers, shoot fresh and dry weight, growing degree-days (GDD), essential oil percentage and essential oil yield. Growing degree-days was calculated for flowering and harvesting time. Analysis variance of data showed that there were significant differences among populations (P<0.05). According to the results of mean comparisons, maximum shoot fresh weight (290.4 g/plant), shoot dry weight (99.8 g/plant) and essential oil yield (252.2 mg/plant) were recorded forAredbil2. Therefore, this population was superior to the others. The results of growing degree-days at flowering and maturity stages showed that two populations (Gazvin2 and Tehran1) had lower values of growing degree-days. In the cluster analysis, populations were divided into three groups. The populations of cluster 1, including Karaj, Qazvin, and Khorramabad, were superior to the other two groups in terms of shoot yield and morphological traits. Our results clearly showed that after further tests and mass seed production in diffrent climate regions of the country, the supriore popultions of Karaj, Ghazvin1, and Khorramabad could be introduced as new cultivars.
M. Mirzaei; N. Ahmadi; F. Sefidkon; A. Shojaeiyan; A. Mazaheri
Abstract
Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is one of economically important species of the Rosaceaefamily for production of rose oil and rose water. High respiration rate of harvested flowers resulting from increasing temperature inside the stacks of flowers causes a reduction in the quantity and quality of ...
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Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is one of economically important species of the Rosaceaefamily for production of rose oil and rose water. High respiration rate of harvested flowers resulting from increasing temperature inside the stacks of flowers causes a reduction in the quantity and quality of essential oil. In order to study the effects of different storage conditions on essential oil yield and composition, we conducted a factorial analysis based on completely randomized design with three replications and factors of storage durations, temperatures, and incubation conditions. In addition, the effects of different duration of distillation process were investigated using a completely randomized design experiment in three replications by considering quality and quantity of extracted essential oils. Identification of chemical compositions of essential oils was performed by GC and GC/MS. The results indicated that the storage of Damask rose petals in water at 4°C, especially for 48 hours, resulted in a good amount of essential oil content as well as compositions compared to the other storage methods and even fresh petals, distillated just after harvesting. Moreover, the essential oil content increased by increasing the duration of distillation, so that a distillation time of 3 hours and 3.5 hours was identified as the best time for the oil extraction process in terms of yield and essential oil compounds.
Gh.H. Talaei; M. Amini Dehaghi
Abstract
In order to study the effects of biological and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), an experiment was conducted in Shahed University in 2011.The factors included biological phosphorus at two levels (inoculated and non-inoculated), chemical phosphorus at three ...
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In order to study the effects of biological and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), an experiment was conducted in Shahed University in 2011.The factors included biological phosphorus at two levels (inoculated and non-inoculated), chemical phosphorus at three levels (0, 40, 80 kg.ha-1 P2O5 from triple super phosphate), biological nitrogen with trade name Nitroxin (inoculated and non- inoculated), and chemical nitrogen at three levels (0, 25, 50 kg.ha-1 N from urea). Experimental treatments were arranged in a RCBD in a factorial arrangement with three replications. In this experiment, number of umbels per plant, number of seeds per umbel, 1000 seeds weight, plant height, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index (HI), essential oil percentage and essential oil yield were measured. According to the obtained results, significant differences were found among fertilizer treatments for number of umbels per plant, number of seeds per umbel, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index (HI), and essential oil yield (p<0.01). Results showed that the maximum number of umbels per plant (29.73 number), number of seeds per umbel (11.1 number), biological yield (245 g.m-2), seed yield (101.3 g.m-2), harvest index (47.22%) and essential oil yield (2.96 g.m-2) were obtained by applying 40 kg/ha-1 triple super phosphate, biological phosphorus, 25 kg.ha-1 N and biological nitrogen. The minimum values were recorded for control group.
L. Safaei; E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi; D. Afiuni; S. Davazdah Emami; A.A. Shoaii
Abstract
In order to study the effects of different methods of soil fertilization on thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak), a research was carried out during 2007- 2010 in Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Esfahan. The experiment was laid out as a split plot in a randomized complete block design ...
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In order to study the effects of different methods of soil fertilization on thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak), a research was carried out during 2007- 2010 in Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Esfahan. The experiment was laid out as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were four fertilizing systems including NPK in three levels of N=100, P=50 and k=50, N=150, P=100 and k=100, N=200, P=150 and k=150 in conventional cropping systems, four levels of manure fertilizer (5, 15, 25 and 35 ton/ha) in organic method, and combination of chemical and manure fertilizers in four levels (N=80, P=64 and k=64 Kg/ha with 5 ton/ha manure fertilizer, N=60, P=48 and k=48 Kg/ha with 15 ton/ha manure fertilizer, N=40, P=32 and k=32 Kg/ha with 25 ton/ha manure fertilizer, N=20, P=16 and k=16 Kg/ha with 35 ton/ha manure fertilizer in intermediate nutrition management and control. Based on the results, shoot dry yield and oil yield in intermediate nutrition treatment were higher as compared to other treatments.Also the highest shoot dry yield and oil yield was obtained from the first harvesting stage. The first harvesting stage of intermediate nutrition treatment (combination of 35 ton/ha manure and NPK= 40- 32- 32 Kg/ha) in the second year, had the highest amount of shoot dry yield and oil yield (2597.78 and 81.63 kg/ha, respectively). Therefore, in comparison with control, shoot dry yield and oil yield increased by 112.73% and 163.32%, respectively. A positive and significant correlation was observed between shoot dry yield and oil yield, essential oil percentage and dry weight to wet weight ratio. Consequently, the combination of NPK and manure fertilizers could be recommended as a suitable nutrition source for plant as well as the improvement of soil structure.
K. Jaimand; M.H. Assareh; M. Mirza; M. Nadery; Sh. Karimi; E. Parsa
Abstract
Eucalyptuses trees as the fast-growing forest species are native to the Pacific. This species were introduced to Iran more than 100 years ago and cultivated in the south, having perfect environment for them. This research was aimed to investigate seasonal fluctuations of essential oil and1,8-cineol content ...
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Eucalyptuses trees as the fast-growing forest species are native to the Pacific. This species were introduced to Iran more than 100 years ago and cultivated in the south, having perfect environment for them. This research was aimed to investigate seasonal fluctuations of essential oil and1,8-cineol content in Eucalyptus species of Fars province. The leaves of 14 Eucalyptus species were collected from Fars province in the middle of each season for two years (2007 & 2008). Afterward, essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation method and compounds were identified by GC and GC/MS. Results showed that in each region, some of the species had the highest essential oil yield and quality; therefore due to the high essential oil content and 1,8-cineol, they could be recommended for large-scale cultivation in the region in order to extract essential oil. Studied Eucalyptus included: E. calcicultrix (Miq.) Blakely; E. camaldulensis var. camaldulensis Dehnh.; E. cornuta; E. fruticetorum; E. intertexta R.T. Baker; E. largiflorens F. Muell.; E. lesouefii; E. longicornis F. Muell.; E. oleosa F. Muell.; E. rudis Endl.; E. salmonophloia F. Muell.; E. salubaris; E. stricklandii Maiden; E. viridis. The essential oil yield of different species at different seasons differed from 1.0 to 6.8% in 2007 and 0.3 to 5.8% in 2008. According to the results, the highest oil yield in autumn (5.2%-6.4%), the highest percentage of 1,8-cineole in winter (91.4%-94%), and the best time to harvest were recorded for E. oleosa F. Muell at Shousni, Mamasani; therefore, E. oleosa F. Muell could be recommended for cultivation as the best species.
E. Jamshidi; A. Ghalavand; F. Sefidkon; E. Goltaph
Abstract
In order to study the effects of different nutrition systems (Organic and Chemical) on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Fennel (Foeniculum valgare Mill.) under water deficit stress, an experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications ...
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In order to study the effects of different nutrition systems (Organic and Chemical) on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Fennel (Foeniculum valgare Mill.) under water deficit stress, an experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the field station of Tarbiat Modares University in Peykan Shahr during cropping season of 2009. In this study, the main plots were three irrigation regime levels (Soil water content of 40% as the control treatment (C1), 60% (C2) and 80% (C3)) and sub-plots were different nutrition systems (10 ton/ha cattle manure, 10 ton/ha spent mushroom compost, 5 ton/ha cattle manure + 5 tan/ha spent mushroom compost and chemical fertilizer). Although the result showed that water deficit stress caused an increase in essential oil percentage, grain yield and essential oil yield decreased extremely under water deficit stress. The results showed that different nutrition systems significantly affected grain yield, essential oil yield and fenchone (p ≤ 0.01). Mean comparisons showed that using mushroom compost in favorable irrigation condition resulted in maximum essential oil yield (31.8 Kg.ha-1). This result was confirmed as the higher grain yield (1289.8 Kg.ha-1) obtained in the same treatment.
S.A.R. Valadabadi; H. Aliabadi Farahani; P. Moaveni
Abstract
In order to evaluate the beneficial impacts of nitrogen application on cumin species (Cuminum cyminum L.) some yield characters were investigated. The aim of this study were to investigate the interactive effects of different cumin spices and nitrogen application on essential oil content at Qazvin zone ...
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In order to evaluate the beneficial impacts of nitrogen application on cumin species (Cuminum cyminum L.) some yield characters were investigated. The aim of this study were to investigate the interactive effects of different cumin spices and nitrogen application on essential oil content at Qazvin zone (Ishmael Abad station). The experimental design was split plot method based on randomized complete block with four replicates. Certain factors including cumin species (Sabzevar, Bojnourd and Esfarayen localities) and nitrogen application (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha-1) were studied. Our final statistical analysis were indicated that cumin species had significant effect on plant values and highest essential oil yield, essential oil percentage, seed yield, thousand seed weight and harvest index were provided by species of Esfarayen locality and highest biological yield were provided by species of Bojnourd locality. Nitrogen treatment significantly increased plant values and although the highest biological yield, seed yield and thousand seed weight were obtained under 120 kg N ha-1 the highest essential oil yield, essential oil percentage and harvest index were achieved under 90, 60 and 30 kg N ha-1,respectively. The results of this study showed that the selection of species which performed well over a wide range of environment could increase quantity and quality yields of medicinal and aromatic plants and causes optimal usage in agricultural fertilizers.
