Identification, introduction, ecology and ethnobotany
Khadije Talebi ghadikolai; Hossein Moradi; Razieh Azimi Etergale
Abstract
Background and purpose: The Peganum hamala L. medicinal plant belongs to the Nitrariaceae family and is a native species of the Peganum genus in Iran. P. hamala possesses a wide range of unique biological and medicinal properties due to its valuable secondary metabolites like flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, ...
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Background and purpose: The Peganum hamala L. medicinal plant belongs to the Nitrariaceae family and is a native species of the Peganum genus in Iran. P. hamala possesses a wide range of unique biological and medicinal properties due to its valuable secondary metabolites like flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, and volatile oil compounds. Despite the widespread distribution of P. hamala in northern Iran, limited studies were conducted on this plant species adapted to arid and semi-arid ecological conditions. Therefore, in this regard, one of the goals of this research is to evaluate the ecological impact and the effect of fixed latitude and different geographical longitudes of the growing place along with the rhizosphere on some structural and yield traits of P. hamala under nine altitude gradients located in Mazandaran.Methodology: To investigate the effect of ecological factors on the structural traits (wet and dry weight of vegetative organs, fresh and dry weight of root, dry matter percentage of vegetative organs, dry matter percentage of root, arch, plant height, plant canopy area, diameter and length of root, and maximum length of stem and crown) and yield traits (fruit diameter, fruit yield, fruit weight, seed weight, average number of seeds, number of fruits, and percentage of seeds in the fruit) of P. hamala, samples of whole plants in the seeding stage were collected from nine different altitude gradients in regions of Khatirkoh (700 and 1000 m), Chahardangeh (1300, 1500, 1700, and 1900 m), and Gadook (2100, 2300, and 2500 m), with three replications along with the substrate soil in a completely random design.Results: Based on the results of the analysis, yield traits show a positive correlation with atmospheric Based on the analysis, yield traits are positively correlated with atmospheric factors. Furthermore, among the structural traits, stem vegetative traits are positively correlated with precipitation, evaporation, and radiation at the probability level of 5%. They also have a negative correlation with relative humidity at 1%. The increase in height above sea level causes an increase in humidity and a decrease in temperature in the Gadook and Khatirkoh areas. In contrast, it causes decreased humidity and temperature in the Chahardangeh area. Also, crop yield decreases with increasing altitude in all three regions. The maximum yield of the product is observed at 2100 m and 1500 m altitudes. The increase is due to increased silty materials, moisture, EC, and pH. The altitude slope shows a positive correlation with grain yield at 1%. In each region, as height above sea level increases, the root length and diameter increase and decrease, respectively. Stem and root vegetative traits show a negative correlation with seed traits. Also, canopy level with plant height and maximum plant stem arch were positively correlated with plant yield at the 1% probability level. In general, based on the results, by increasing the height gradient from sea level, decreasing the temperature, and increasing the humidity and nutrients of the soil, there is a decrease in vegetative growth and an increase in crop yield. According to the performance feature regression model, as elevation increased, the amount of sand and clay, organic matter, and evaporation increased. This led to an increase in yield with a 60% determination factor. According to the regression model used, the effect of soil factors is higher than weather and climate. Therefore, climate factors change for this plant at a fixed latitude.Conclusion: According to the results of examining the structural and yield traits of the collected P. hamala ecotypes, yield traits increase with the increase in altitude gradient, the amount of sand and clay, organic substances, evaporation, and decrease in temperature. On the other hand, vegetative traits decrease. Therefore, the Gadook region population is introduced as the superior ecotype with maximum yield traits among these studied regions in Mazandaran province.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Pooran Golkar; Golnaz Arab; Mohammad Reza Vahabi; Hamidrez Eshghizadeh
Abstract
Background and objectives: Ammi visnaga L. is a medicinal and aromatic plant in the Apiaceae family. The essential oils of this plant have highly valuable aromatic compounds with valuable therapeutic and nutritional properties. Environmental stresses affect the quantity and quality ...
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Background and objectives: Ammi visnaga L. is a medicinal and aromatic plant in the Apiaceae family. The essential oils of this plant have highly valuable aromatic compounds with valuable therapeutic and nutritional properties. Environmental stresses affect the quantity and quality of essential oils (EOs) in medicinal plants. This study was carried out to evaluate the independent and combined effects of salinity and drought stresses on EOs (%) and their chemical constituents in different organs of A. visnaga (seeds and head branches) under field conditions.Methodology: This study was carried out in the research farm of Isfahan University of Technology located in Lavark, Najafabad, using a split-plot design with three replications. Each replicate consisted of two rows (3 m long) of A. visnaga seeds. Different levels of salinity stress and drought stress were considered as main plots and subplots, respectively. Three levels of salinity stress [S1 (0 mM NaCl), S2 (80 mM NaCl), and S3 (80 mM NaCl)] and three drought stress levels based on soil depletion rate [D1: normal 50%, D2: moderate stress 60% and D3: severe stress 85%] were applied. Applying salt and drought stresses simultaneously started at the flowering stage (10%) and continued until the full maturity stage. After the full maturity stage of the plants, seed yield was measured. Then, the EOs extraction was done based on the Clevenger method in about 4 hours from head branches and seed samples for all studied treatments. The chemical constituents were identified using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques.Results: The independent and combined stresses of drought and salinity caused a significant increase in EOs (%) of A.visnaga. The highest EOs in the head branch (1.26%) were detected under non-drought and medium salinity stress conditions (D1S1). The lowest EOs (0.25%) were observed under non-drought and non-salinity conditions (D1S1). The highest EOs (0.25%) in seed samples were observed under D2S2 conditions (moderate drought and salinity stress), but the least amount (0.12%) was found under D1S2 conditions (moderate salinity stress) and D1S3 (severe salinity stress). The analysis of essential EOs identified 25 compounds in both seeds and head branch samples. These compounds belong to six main chemical groups. The most and lowest compounds belonged to the groups of hydrocarbon monoterpenes and oxygenated diterpenes in both branches and seeds, respectively. Cembrene was identified as the main chemical compound in seed and head branch EOs. The lowest values for cembrene were reported as 23.32 % and 26.16% in seed and head branch EOs, respectively. The highest values for cembrene were reported as 33.31% and 36.62% in seed and head branch EOs under treatment. The compound 2-methyl-2-methylbutyl ester was identified as the second most abundant compound in the head branches and seeds of A. visnaga. The highest amount of this compound was observed in seed EOs (9.38%) under mild drought and mild salinity stress (D2S2), and the highest amount of this compound was observed in head branch EOs (18.5%) under mild drought stress (D2S1) conditions.Conclusion: According to the study results, drought and salinity stress caused a quantitative and qualitative increase in A. visnaga EOs. Considering the climatic conditions of the arid and semi-arid regions of Iran and the consequent gradual salinization of soils, this plant can be considered a plant of choice in medicinal plant breeding programs, as well as goals related to the food and pharmaceutical industries.
L. Safaei; H. Zeinali; D. Afiuni
Abstract
In order to study the effect of irrigation water salinity on the quantity and quality of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) oil, and seed production, a field experiment was conducted in a split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included ...
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In order to study the effect of irrigation water salinity on the quantity and quality of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) oil, and seed production, a field experiment was conducted in a split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included fennel genotype at four levels (German P11-820065, European 11486, and two indigenous genotypes including Lorestan and Hamedan) and water salinity at three levels (2 (control), 5, and 8 dS/m). The results showed that the effect of salinity was significant on all traits except α-pinene, myrcene, and essential oil percentage. Genotypes showed no significant difference in anethole, α-phellandrene, γ-terpinene, percentage, and essential oil yield. The interaction of salinity× genotype had a significant effect on all traits. Genotype P11-820065 had the highest essential oil percentage (3.90%) and yield (91.41 kg ha-1), and seed dry yield (2359.7 kg ha-1) between genotypes at control salinity level. With increasing salinity level, the seed and essential oil yield in non-indigenous genotypes decreased by a slope more than that of indigenous genotypes. Moreover, the content of anethole as the most important essential oil component of fennel increased to 5 dS/m salinity and then decreased. Based on the results of this study, under irrigation water salinity conditions, indigenous genotypes had higher economic efficiency due to their higher resistance to salinity stress. Water salinity affected only the content of essential oil components, but had no effect on its composition.
T. Mozafari Dehshiri; F. Sefidkon; F. Asgari; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki
Abstract
Pimpinella aurea DC. is one of the most abundant perennial species from Pimpinella genus in Iran, distributed in northwest, west, center, northeast, and southeast of Iran. This aromatic species contains essential oil with antimicrobial effect. In this research, to study the quality and quantity of seed ...
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Pimpinella aurea DC. is one of the most abundant perennial species from Pimpinella genus in Iran, distributed in northwest, west, center, northeast, and southeast of Iran. This aromatic species contains essential oil with antimicrobial effect. In this research, to study the quality and quantity of seed essential oil of Pimpinella aurea and also the effect of seed size on essential oil content and composition of Pimpinella aurea, seeds were collected from three localities in Tehran province (Tochal, Vardavard and Lavasanat) and were, after drying, separated by sieves having mesh sizes of 20, 25 and 30. All samples were subjected to hydro-distillation, individually, for obtaining their essential oils. The mean oil yields for Tochal seeds were calculated to be 4.01%, 3.20% and 1.12% for 20, 25 and 30 meshes, respectively. These values were 5.69%, 3.20% and 1.94% for the samples from Vardavard and 3.21%, 2.70% and 1.85% for Lavasanat samples. Results showed that the oil yield decreased remarkably with decreasing the size of the seeds. The essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS for the identification of their chemical composition. β-bisabolene was identified as the main component in the oils collected from different habitats (57.2-83.6%). The other major component was epoxy allo-aromadendrene (3.9-30.6%). According to the obtained results, seed size had no considerable effect on essential oil composition. In addition, more oil yield and β-bisabolene content were recorded for the seeds collected from Vardavard (with a warmer and dryer habitat).
M.T. Darzi; M.R. Hadj Seyed Hadi; F. Rejali
Abstract
In order to study the effect of organic manure and biofertilizer on some morphological traits and yield in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), an experiment was conducted as factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete blocks design with twelve treatments and three replications at homand research ...
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In order to study the effect of organic manure and biofertilizer on some morphological traits and yield in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), an experiment was conducted as factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete blocks design with twelve treatments and three replications at homand research station in Damavand of Iran in 2010. The factors were cattle manure in four levels (5, 10, 15 and 20 ton/ha) and plant growth promoter bacteria in three levels (inoculation with azotobacter, inoculation with azospirillum and inoculation together). Besides, these treatments with a control treatment (without fertilizer) were also evaluated using a randomized complete blocks design with thirteen treatments and three replications. Results showed that the highest umbel no./plant, 1000 seed weight, and seed yield were obtained with consumption of 15 ton/ha cattle manure. Plant growth promoter bacteria also showed significant effects on umbel no./plant and seed yield (except 1000 seed weight). The maximum umbel no./plant were obtained with two treatments of inoculation with azotobacter and inoculation with azospirillum and seed yield were obtained with azospirillum inoculation. Interactions between factors on umbel no./plant and 1000 seed weight were significant. Differences between control and other treatments were significant, as umbel no./plant in treatment of 15 ton/ha cattle manure application and inoculation together and also, 1000 seed weight and seed yield in treatment of 20 ton/ha cattle manure application and inoculation with azospirillum were higher than control.
A. Kalirad
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of cultivation date on qualitative and quantitative traits of Cuminum cyminum L. under rainfed conditions, an experiment was conducted in a randomized completely blocks design with five cultivation dates as the treatments and four replications at research station of ...
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In order to investigate the effect of cultivation date on qualitative and quantitative traits of Cuminum cyminum L. under rainfed conditions, an experiment was conducted in a randomized completely blocks design with five cultivation dates as the treatments and four replications at research station of Sirch. Morphological traits and also seed production were recorded. The results showed that all studied traits of cultivation date had significant differences at level of 1% probability. There were also significant differences among all studied traits of the year except flowering date. No significant differences were recorded for the weight of the seed production in different years. According to the results of the mean comparisons, maximum values of the studied traits were recorded for the cultivation date of early February while maximum seed production and seed yield were obtained in 24th February. Therefore, regarding yield production 24th of February was identified as the best date for cultivation. Significant differences of the traits indicate the high variability of the climate conditions in Sirch Research Station.
K.A. Saeedi; R. Omidbaigi
Volume 25, Issue 1 , May 2009, , Pages 113-119
Abstract
Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. is a plant belonging to the Apiaceaefamily which has got high nutrition and medicinal value and is extensively used for treatment several diseases. The objective of this research was determination of content and composition of fatty acids, total phenolic content and essential ...
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Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. is a plant belonging to the Apiaceaefamily which has got high nutrition and medicinal value and is extensively used for treatment several diseases. The objective of this research was determination of content and composition of fatty acids, total phenolic content and essential oil content on K. odoratissima seed. Extraction of total phenolics content carried out by Folin-Ciocalteu method and the absorbance at 750 nm was measured by spectrophotometer. Results showed that total phenolic content was 288.15 mg GAE/g DW in seed. Hydro distillation by Clevenger-type apparatus was used for the extraction of essential oil. 2.1% essential oil was obtained in the experiment. Moreover, extracting from the seeds was done using Soxhelet method, in addition to measuring fatty acids by GC. The results showed K. odoratissima seeds contain 25% oil. The major fatty acid present in seeds (75.35% of % total) was C18:1 including petroselininc acid (C18:1(n-12)) and oleic acid (C18:1(n-9)). Other fatty acids were including linoleic acid (19.14%), palmitic acid (6.65%), stearic acid (1.9%) and linolenic acid (.95%).
M. Najafpour Navaei
Abstract
Dracocephalum kotschy is an aromatic and medicinal plant, which can be found in the mountainous parts of Iran. It is a considerable plant for its high amount of essential oil. The aim of this research is, finding a suitable method for growing the seed and keeping it in a cultivation condition. Treatment ...
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Dracocephalum kotschy is an aromatic and medicinal plant, which can be found in the mountainous parts of Iran. It is a considerable plant for its high amount of essential oil. The aim of this research is, finding a suitable method for growing the seed and keeping it in a cultivation condition. Treatment which used included, H2 SO4 and temperature (0-15 and 50 ˚C).The results showed that treatment with- 15 °C and 10 minutes is the most suitable one and about 82% seeds survival in the field.
M.A. Alizadeh
Abstract
Model of seed storage behavior has high importance for seed conservation. With determination model of seed storage behavior, collection and conservation of plant seed would be recognized. If the plant seeds have orthodox behavior, their conservation will be carried out in out of provenance and it is ...
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Model of seed storage behavior has high importance for seed conservation. With determination model of seed storage behavior, collection and conservation of plant seed would be recognized. If the plant seeds have orthodox behavior, their conservation will be carried out in out of provenance and it is termed as Ex- situ conservation. If the plant seeds have recalcitrant behavior, their conservation would be done within provenance and it is termed as In situ conservation. In this research, model of seed storage behavior of some medicinal plant seeds were studied. The seed samplesof some medicinal plants from different state of country were processed and analyzed. The processing of the seed samples included physical and genetic purity, seed healthy test, thousand weight, moisture content determination, germination test, packaging and conservation of the seed samples in cold room of gene bank. Evaluation and determination of model of seed storage behavior was the major point of this research work. By determination of moisture content, the model of seed storage behavior of medicinal plant seeds was identified and most of them have orthodox seed storage behavior. Therefore their conservation should be done as Ex- situ conservation.
A. Rahmanpour; F. Nassage
Volume 12, Issue 1 , May 2002, , Pages 129-153
Abstract
In Iran National Botanical Garden, ripe seeds of 5 Fragrant and Medicinal plants (Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) Schuman, Catalpa speciosa Warder, Cupressus sempervirens L. var. fastigiata, Melia azedarach L., Thuja orientalis L.) were collected in periods. They were put under pretreatment for consideration ...
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In Iran National Botanical Garden, ripe seeds of 5 Fragrant and Medicinal plants (Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) Schuman, Catalpa speciosa Warder, Cupressus sempervirens L. var. fastigiata, Melia azedarach L., Thuja orientalis L.) were collected in periods. They were put under pretreatment for consideration of suitable germination methods of seeds as follows. 1- Phisical motive; soaking the seeds for 1 to 24 hours, making a hole on the top of the seeds, scratching the cortex of the seeds. 2- Chemical motive: sodium hypochloride, potassium nitrate, diluted and concentarated sulphoric acid. As a result the best method for germination of seeds were determined. This consideration shows the best times for collecting of seeds and the best pretreatment and treatment with high percentages in germination of seeds as well. The best pretreatment and treatment for Campsis grandiflora are: Washing in sodium hypochlorice and distilled water, 20:30C temprature, 16h. light and 8h. darkness for 2 weaks, For Catalpa speciosa are: washing in sodium hypochloride and distilled water, 20:30C temprature, 16h. light and 8h. darkness for 1 to 2 weaks, For Cupressus sempervirens var. fastigiata are: soaking in water for 24h., 5 minutes in potasium nitrate and washing in distilled water,chilling (1-5C ) for 8 to 12 weaks, For Melia azedarach are: soaking in water for 24h., scratching the cortex of seeds, 10 minutes in diluted sulphoric acid and washing in distilled water,planting in sand and , 20:30 C temprature for 1 weak, For Thuja orientalis are: soaking in water for 24h., washing in diluted sodium hypochloride and distilled water, 20 C temperature, 16h. light and 8h. darkness for 21 days.
