M.T. Ebadi; F. Sefidkon; M. Azizi; N. Ahmadi
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of air velocity and infrared radiation intensity on drying time, essential oil content, and composition of Lemon Verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth), a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was carried out. The two main treatments were as follows: three air velocity ...
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To evaluate the effect of air velocity and infrared radiation intensity on drying time, essential oil content, and composition of Lemon Verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth), a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was carried out. The two main treatments were as follows: three air velocity levels (0.5, 1 & 1.5m/s) and three levels of infrared radiation intensities (0.2, 0.3 & 0.5W/cm2). After drying the samples, their essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation method and compositions of essential oil were identified with capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. Results indicated that the various treatments had significant effects on drying time and essential oil content. With decreasing air velocity and increasing radiation intensity, drying time was reduced. Minimum drying time (35 minutes) was obtained at 0.5 m/s air velocity with the use of 0.5W/cm2 radiation intensity. In contrast, the maximum drying time (65 minutes) was revealed for the sample treated with 1.5 m/s air velocity, which received concomitantly 0.4W/cm2 radiation intensity. Increasing the intensity of infrared radiation in all air velocities had a significant effect on the essential oil content, so that the maximum essential oil content (1.1%) was obtained by application of 1 &1.5 m/s air velocity and the use of 0.5W/cm2 radiation intensity. The survey of essential oil components showed that the highest amount of oxygenated monoterpenes (73.3%), especially citral (61.3%) was measured from samples dried by 0.5 m/s air velocity and 0.2W/cm2 radiation intensity. According to these results, due to the decreased duration of drying time and desired essential oil content and composition, it seems that the use of infrared radiation in conventional dryers could lead to appropriate quality of essential oil.
S. Beigi; M. Azizi; S.H. Nemati; V. Rowshan
Abstract
One of the most important limiting factors in production of medicinal plants in arid and semiarid regions of the world is water shortage or drought stress. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. var. "Keshkeny levelu") is a valuable medicinal plant and sensitive to water stress. Therefore, the current study was ...
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One of the most important limiting factors in production of medicinal plants in arid and semiarid regions of the world is water shortage or drought stress. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. var. "Keshkeny levelu") is a valuable medicinal plant and sensitive to water stress. Therefore, the current study was aimed to increase water use efficiency in basil production by conducting a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The treatments were two superabsorbent polymers namely Terracottem™ (industrial) and Plantago ovata mucilage (Herbal) at four concentrations (0, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% w/w on the basis of soil weight) with two application methods (mixed with soil only and mixed with soil+roots). The measured traits were morphological: leaf number, leaf area, shoot to root ratio, biological: number of seeds/plant, seed weight/plant, and water use efficiency, as well as two other important characteristics such as essential oil percentage and yield at flowering time. Results showed that the simple effect of treatments and their interaction had significant and positive effects on morphological, biological and biochemical traits, measured in this experiment. The best results in vegetative and generative characteristics were obtained by application of Plantagoovata mucilage and the highest essential oil percentage and yield were recorded by using Terracottem superabsorbent. The best results in both compounds were obtained at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.2% with application method in soil+roots and soil only, respectively. In conclusion, both compounds (terracottem™ and Plantago ovata) were able to reduce the adverse effects of drought stress and improved water use efficiency in basil cultivation.
S. Shahriari; M. Azizi; H. Aroiee; H. Ansari
Abstract
In order to study the effects of different irrigation regimes and mulch types on growth parameters and essential oil content of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), this experiment was performed in research field of Agricultural College of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2010. The experimental design ...
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In order to study the effects of different irrigation regimes and mulch types on growth parameters and essential oil content of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), this experiment was performed in research field of Agricultural College of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2010. The experimental design was factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Treatments included three irrigation levels (100, 80 and 60 percent of water requirements calculated by evaporation pan class A) and two mulch types (black plastic and wood chips) in comparison to control. Results showed that the effect of irrigation on fresh weight, dry weight, leaf relative water content, leaf area and essential oil yield was significant (p< 0.05). The effect of mulch on fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, inter-node distance, number of branch and essential oil yield was significant (p< 0.05). Interaction between irrigation and mulch on inter-node distance, fresh weight, dry weight and leaf area was significant (p< 0.05). This study showed the highest dry weight yield per plant (38.35 g) and the highest essential oil yield (82.83 L.ha-1) on the first level of irrigation with the use of wood chips mulch. Also, there was no significant difference between the first level of irrigation and mulch wood chips with the third level of irrigation and mulch wood chips. The lowest dry matter yield (14.87 g) and the lowest essential oil yield (29.57 L.ha-1) were obtained at third level of irrigation and without mulch. In addition, wood chips was identified as the best treatment to reduce the stress caused by deficit irrigation. In conclusion, results showed that the use of wood chips as mulch and 60 % of irrigation water requirement resulted to the highest water productivity in Peppermint production.
R. khatibzadeh; M. Azizi; H. Arouiee; M. Farsi
Abstract
Over time, once again there has been a significant growth in growing and producing medicinal plant species. The biotechnological developments have far-reaching implications in conservation and propagation of endangered species, as well in the genetic improvement of medicinal plant. The genetic variation ...
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Over time, once again there has been a significant growth in growing and producing medicinal plant species. The biotechnological developments have far-reaching implications in conservation and propagation of endangered species, as well in the genetic improvement of medicinal plant. The genetic variation occurred in calli holds tremendous potential for increasing production efficiency of valuable secondary metabolites. Levisticum officinale Koch. is considered as one of the oldest medicinal plants and spices from Apiaceae, whose root has a diuretic agent for the treatment of kidney stones and kidney and urinary tract infections, reported in many credible pharmacopoeias. In present investigation, callus cultures of lovage explants (hypocotyl, root, leaf, petiole, crown node) were initiated in modified MS medium, called AM1, supplemented with different phytohormonal combinations. After one month, the percentage and rate of callogenesis were analyzed as a completely randomized factorial design. The highest callus growth and best appearance were obtained by hypocotyl and root explants in the AM1 medium supplemented with 2,4-D (1.5 mgl-1) + Kin (0.5 mgl-1) + NAA (0.025 mgl-1).
M.T Ebadi; M. Rahmati; M. Azizi; M. Hassanzadeh Khayyat; A. Dadkhah
Abstract
Drying is one of the oldest methods for preservation of agricultural products after harvest. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) belongs to Lamiaceae family which is used as a medicinal and spice species. This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different drying methods on drying time, ...
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Drying is one of the oldest methods for preservation of agricultural products after harvest. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) belongs to Lamiaceae family which is used as a medicinal and spice species. This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different drying methods on drying time, essential oil content and composition of Basil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications and treatments were included two temperature levels (50 and 70 °C), six microwave powers (100, 180, 300, 450, 600 and 900 w), and two drying methods (sun and shade drying). The drying process was continued until the mass of the sample was reduced to a moisture content of about 0.10 on a dry basis or 10 % on a wet basis. Results indicated minimum and maximum drying times (4.1 minutes and 48 hours) were obtained at 900 w microwave powers and shade drying, respectively. Maximum and minimum essential oil content (1.3 and 0.3 %) were obtained by shade drying and in 450, 600 and 900 w, respectively. Microwave powers had negative effect on the main compositions of essential oil (geranial and methyl chavicol) but shade drying preserved them. According to the results, shade drying was identified as a suitable method for Basil, because essential oil content and composition were considerably maintained.
M. Tavana; M. Azizi; M. Farsi; F. Baneshi
Abstract
This study was aimed at optimizing the medium composition of Ganoderma lucidum in submerged culture for efficient production of mycelial biomass and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). The effects of various carbon sources (glucose, lactose and maltose), carbon source concentration (40, 50 and 60 g/l) ...
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This study was aimed at optimizing the medium composition of Ganoderma lucidum in submerged culture for efficient production of mycelial biomass and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). The effects of various carbon sources (glucose, lactose and maltose), carbon source concentration (40, 50 and 60 g/l) and medium pH (3.5, 4.5 and 5.5) were studied on the production of mycelial biomass and EPS at 29±1°C. The experimental was factorial on the basis of randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. The results showed that the highest (8.588 g DW/l) and the lowest (4.953 g DW/l) mycelial biomass were obtained in medium containing maltose and glucose respectively. Also, among the carbon sources, the medium containing maltose produced the highest (1.551 g/l) polysaccharide but the lowest polysaccharide (1.41 g/l) was produced in medium contacting lactose. No significant differences were observed among the different concentrations of carbon sources and the pH of the medium in terms of mycelial biomass and polysaccharides production. Finally, comparing the different combination of submerged culture media of Ganoderma lucidum revealed that the best combination of carbon source and pH for mycelial biomass production was maltose with concentration of 50 g/l and pH=4.5, while maltose with concentration of 40 g/l and pH=5.5 was identified as the best combination for EPS production.
M.T. Ebadi; M. Rahmati; M. Azizi; M. Hassanzadeh Khayyat
Abstract
Drying is one of the important pre-processing methods of medicinal plants after harvest that has a major role in quantity and quality of their active substances. To determine the effect of different drying methods on drying time, essential oil content and composition of Savory (Satureja hortensis L.), ...
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Drying is one of the important pre-processing methods of medicinal plants after harvest that has a major role in quantity and quality of their active substances. To determine the effect of different drying methods on drying time, essential oil content and composition of Savory (Satureja hortensis L.), the experiment was carried out during 2008. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with three replications and treatments were: two temperatures: 50°C and 70°C, six microwave powers: 100, 180, 300, 450, 600 and 900 w and drying in shade and under sun light. The drying process was continued until the mass of the sample reduced to a moisture content of about 0.10 on a dry weight basis or 10% on a wet weight basis. Results indicated that different treatments of drying method had significant effects on drying time and essential oil content. The maximum essential oil content (3%) obtained from drying at 70°C and drying in shade while minimum content (0.9%) obtained from drying under sun light. One hundred and 300 w microwave powers had an average content of essential oil (2.3%). Carvacrol content percentage in treatments of microwave drying was more than other methods as maximum percentage (63.9 %) was obtained from 300 w microwave drying with a little difference with 180 w microwave drying treatment. Drying by low microwave powers is recommended for Satureja hortensis L. due to the reduction of drying time and considerable maintenance of essential oil content and composition. Maximum γ-terpinene content (28.2%) obtained from drying at 70°C with a low difference with 50°C, 100 and 300 w microwave.
M. Azizi; M. Rahmati; T. Ebadi; M. Hasanzadeh khayyat
Abstract
Field experiment was carried out at the Ferdowsi University Research Field, Mashhad, Iran during 2007-2008, to determine the effect of different drying temperatures, microwave powers and natural method (shaded and sunny area) in Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L., Asteraceae) essential oil content, chamazolene ...
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Field experiment was carried out at the Ferdowsi University Research Field, Mashhad, Iran during 2007-2008, to determine the effect of different drying temperatures, microwave powers and natural method (shaded and sunny area) in Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L., Asteraceae) essential oil content, chamazolene content, drying time and drying rate. The experimental design was completely randomized block design having three temperatures: 50, 60 and 70 °C, six microwave powers: 100, 180, 300, 450, 600 and 900w and drying in shaded and sunny area, replicated thrice. The drying process was continued until the mass of the sample reduced to a moisture content of about 0.10 on a dry basis or 10% on a wet basis. The results indicate that different treatments of drying had a significant effect on the drying time and rate and essential oil and chamazolene content. The maximum essential oil content obtained at drying by the lowest temperatures and drying in shaded area. Whereas, higher drying temperatures of oven and microwave powers and drying in sunny area decreased the essential oil content. Maximum chamazolene content obtained at microwave drying (except 100w power) and natural method. Minimum chamazolene content was obtained at drying by oven.
M. Azizi; F. Rezwanee; M. Hassanzadeh Khayat; A. Lackzian; H. Neamati
Volume 24, Issue 1 , May 2008, , Pages 82-93
Abstract
German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) is one of the most important essential oil bearing plants that its essential oil constituent (Chamazulene, Bisabolol and Bisabolol oxide A, B) is used in different medicinal industries. In this research, effect of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation ...
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German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) is one of the most important essential oil bearing plants that its essential oil constituent (Chamazulene, Bisabolol and Bisabolol oxide A, B) is used in different medicinal industries. In this research, effect of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation was evaluated on morphological characteristics and essential oil content of “Goral” an improved German chamomile. The research was conducted in pot and greenhouse system. The treatments included four amounts of vermicompost (0, 5, 10 and 15% w/w) and three irrigation regimes (2 mm per week, 4mm per 2 weeks and 2 mm per 2 weeks). The studied factors were flower dry yield, plant height, flowering time, anthodia height, anthodia diameter, oil content (%) and essential oil yield. The results indicated that the vermicompost application improved plant height, early flowering, flowers dry weight, anthodia height and diameter significantly. Irrigation also affects plant height, flower dry weight and flowering time significantly and 2mm irrigation per two weeks was the best method and 2mm irrigation per week increased anthodia height and diameter significantly. The interactions between vermicompost and irrigation was significant as plant height (64.82 cm), flowers dry weight(7.84 gr per pot) and flowering time (35.5 days) as concerned and the best treatments was 15% vermicompost and irrigation 2mm per two weeks. The highest essential oil yield detected in 10% vermicompost and irrigation 4mm per two weeks (2.23 mg/pot). According to the results, it appears that 15% vermicompost plus 2 mm irrigation per two weeks was the best treatment to produce the flower yield in Goral cultivar of German chamomile in organic system.
M. Azizi
Volume 22, Issue 4 , February 2007, , Pages 386-396
Abstract
Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L. Rauch) is a highly valuable medicinal and aromatic plant and its anthodia used frequently in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Pharmacological effects of the plants is related to flavonoids, coumarins and essential oils. The most important pharmacological ...
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Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L. Rauch) is a highly valuable medicinal and aromatic plant and its anthodia used frequently in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Pharmacological effects of the plants is related to flavonoids, coumarins and essential oils. The most important pharmacological effects include anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic and wound healing action. Its essential oils contain valuable constituents such as chamazulene, α-bisabolol and α-bisabolol oxides A and α-bisabolol oxides B. In consideration of the demand from the pharmaceutical industry for this plant and with respect to the quality of Iranian wild growing chamomile, seeds of Bodegold (tetraploid), Germania (diploid), Bona (diploid) and Goral (tetraploid) cultivars were purchased from Germany and Slovakia and cultivated in Mashhad climate. During the flowering period, growth indexes such as plant height, anthodia diameter, percent of dry matter, flower yield, essential oils content and chamazolene were measured. The results show that plant height of Goral and Bodegold (85.5 cm and 77.2 respectively) are significantly higher than Germania and Bona (74.2 cm and 70.4 cm, respectively). The anthodia diameter of Bodegold and Bona were significantly higher than anthodia diameter of Goral and Germania. The results on dry anthodia yield showed that Goral produced the highest anthodia yield (221.15 g.m-2) and there is not significant difference between Goral and Bodegold. The lowest dry anthodia yield was produced by Bona (104.95 g.m-2). There was a significant difference between any harvest number and essential oils content. The highest essential oils content (0.627% w/w) extracted from Bona in the first harvest but Germania produced the lowest essential oils (0.627 %w/w) at third harvest. Chamazolene content of the cultivars ranged between 9.6-14 %. Chamazolene comparison between three harvest time showed that in all cultivars, the second harvest had more chamazolene than the first and the third harvest. In conclusion Bodegold and Goral cultivars are the most suitable improved cultivar for chamomile production in Mashhad climate.
G. Ghazian Tafrishi; M. Azizi; M. Farsi
Volume 22, Issue 3 , November 2006, , Pages 172-179
Abstract
St Johns Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) from Hypericaceae is an important medicinal plant, which its secondary metabolites, hypericin and hyperforine, have several medicinal effects such as antidepressant, antiviral, antibacterial and etc. The importance of studying in vitro culture of medicinal plants ...
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St Johns Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) from Hypericaceae is an important medicinal plant, which its secondary metabolites, hypericin and hyperforine, have several medicinal effects such as antidepressant, antiviral, antibacterial and etc. The importance of studying in vitro culture of medicinal plants is optimizing these protocols for subsequent studies about effective factors on biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and applying these methods in improving medicinal plants. Since now there are no report on in vitro culture of Iranian St Johns Wort and for the first time we studied the callogenesis, shoot regeneration and rooting process of this plant. The seeds of Iranian St Johns Wort were collected from Ardebil province and the base growth media was MS and for callogenesis we studied the effect of several levels of 2,4-D (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg/l) and BA (0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/l) or KIN (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg/l) and NAA (0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg/l). Several levels of BA (0.25, 0.5, 1and 5 mg/l) and several levels of KIN (1, 2 and 5 mg/l) accompanied by 1 mg/l NAA were used for shoot regeneration in callus. Several levels of NAA (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg/l) were used for rooting of the shoots. The growth condition was 25°c and 16/8 hours period for rooting and shoot regeneration, darkness for callogenesis. The results of callogenesis with Duncans Multiple Range Test at 5% showed that highest callus fresh weight (2.1937 gr) was obtained in 0.25 mg/l 2,4-D with 1 mg/l KIN. Results of shoot regeneration in level 5% showed that maximum number of shoots (95 shoots/call and 4 Cm length) obtained in treatment contain 1 mg/l NAA with 1 mg/l KIN. Results also showed that maximum root number (4.7 roots per shoot and 2.2 Cm length) was in hormone free media.
