A. Shafaghat
Abstract
One of the most important secondary metabolism products found in plants are flavonoids. They have medicinal and biological effects such as: purify blood, strengthen immune system, monitoring cholesterol level, regulate blood pressure, suppress acid secretion, prevent thrombus, suppress cytophy, antibacterial, ...
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One of the most important secondary metabolism products found in plants are flavonoids. They have medicinal and biological effects such as: purify blood, strengthen immune system, monitoring cholesterol level, regulate blood pressure, suppress acid secretion, prevent thrombus, suppress cytophy, antibacterial, prevent cancer, promote metabolism. In this study, the flavonoids and one chalcone from methanolic extract of flowers of Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. (syn. Tanacetum parthenium L.)(Compositae Family) were separated and purified by column chromatography and TLC methods. Kaempferol and naringenin are two flavonoids and trans- 4- ethoxy- 4'- methoxy chalcone as a chalcone compound were extracted, separated and detected by spectroscopy methods (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, Mass and IR). Investigation of antioxidant activity included free radical scavenging activity towards 2, 2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazile (DPPH) radicals. Methanolic extract of flowers of Tanacetum parthenium showed free radical scavenging activity.
Sh. Ahmadi; F. Sefidkon; P. Babakhanlo; F. Asgari; K. Khademi; N. Valizadeh; M.A. Karimifar
Abstract
The genus of Satureja consist of 30 species in world. Satureja bachtiarica Bunge is one of the endemic species of this genus in Iran. In order to identify the quality changes of essential oil of Satureja bachtiarica, we planted the specimen in 1382 in Khorram Abad on the 36 plot, using the split factorial ...
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The genus of Satureja consist of 30 species in world. Satureja bachtiarica Bunge is one of the endemic species of this genus in Iran. In order to identify the quality changes of essential oil of Satureja bachtiarica, we planted the specimen in 1382 in Khorram Abad on the 36 plot, using the split factorial design in randomized complete block with 3 replications. Aerial parts of plants were collected in two stages (before and full flowering) from field and provenance in the second year. The plant materials were dried and hydro-distilled in order to obtain their essential oils. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The main component of essential oil before flowering stage were carvacrol (20٪), P-cymene (36.5٪) and thymol (19.2.(٪ In the flowering stage 21 compounds were characterized in the oil with carvacrol (25.5٪), p-cymene (23.2٪), thymol (0.5(٪ and mentone (18.5 (٪as the main constituents. Fifteen compounds were characterized in the oil of field sample (Khorram Abad). The main constituents of the oil were carvacrol (48.6٪) and p-cymene (28.6٪) before flowering stage. In the flowering stage 13 compounds were characterized in the oil with carvacrol (62.3٪) and p-cymene (21.2٪) as the main constituents. The oil yields of cultivated and wild S. bachtiarica samples were 1.1, 2.08% and 1.8, 1.1% before and full flowering stages, respectively. The amount of carvacrol in Satureja bachtiarica oils were 48.6%, 62.3% and 20%, 25.8%before and full flowering stages, in field and provenance, respectively. These results showed that variation of ecological characters like altitude, temperature, humidity and climate had effect on percentage of carvacrol.
Sh. Mehrpur; F. Sefidkon; H. Mirzaie-Nodoushan; A. Majd
Volume 20, Issue 2 , July 2004, , Pages 159-169
Abstract
To investigate quality and quantity of essential oil of Thymus kotschyanus in greenhouse and field cultivation, seeds of four populations of this species from Azarbayejan, Sirachal, Mianeh and Tabriz were collected and cultivated in greenhouse and field condititions. Kelevenger method was ...
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To investigate quality and quantity of essential oil of Thymus kotschyanus in greenhouse and field cultivation, seeds of four populations of this species from Azarbayejan, Sirachal, Mianeh and Tabriz were collected and cultivated in greenhouse and field condititions. Kelevenger method was used to extract the essential oils from the plants foliage. Essential oil components were analysed and recognised by GC and GC/MS. The components included Thymol, Carvacrol and r-cymene.The highest main percentage of Thymol(65.94%), and r-cymene(20.40%), were found in Azarbayejan population and Carvacrol (53.14%), in Sirachal population. The oil yeilds of Thymus kotschyanus in field were higher than greenhouse conditions, but Thymol and Carvacrol were decreased and other monoterpenes were the major components of the essential oils in greenhouse conditions. In field conditions, the percentage of r-cymene was high, comparing to greenhouse condition, but g- terpinene was trace.This problem can be related to temprature and other conditions in field and greenhouse conditions. On the other hand, these differences between the oil composition of the greenhouse, and field grown populations, may reveal a common route of formation the components in the species.
R. Asadpoor; M.A. Soltanipoor
Abstract
Zataria multiflora is traditionally used for diarrhea, cold, blowing, headache, wound, fever, skin sensitiveness and fat and sugar blood from ancient times. This investigation was carried for knowing some ecological characteristics of Zataria multiflora and using them in abundant cultivation for using ...
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Zataria multiflora is traditionally used for diarrhea, cold, blowing, headache, wound, fever, skin sensitiveness and fat and sugar blood from ancient times. This investigation was carried for knowing some ecological characteristics of Zataria multiflora and using them in abundant cultivation for using in medicinal industries and prevents the plants region from destroying from 1379 for two years. Climatic, Geologic and Geomorphologic characteristics, Land types, Companion plants, Habitat types and Distribution map were provided for all of habitats and in Ahmadi, Badafshan and Tangezagh regions phenologic study were done, and also vegetative parameters measurement and soil analysis. This species was distributed from Northern to the nearest point to Persian Gulf (Abgarme geno) and from the Western point in Chahshanbeh mount in Gavbandy to Bashagard region (Khomeini shahr shang mountain(, in East from 250m to 1850m altitude. Climate of the regions is semi-dry, hot and semi-dry desert. 57.6 percent of habitats of this species are mountainous region and 54.6 percent of it was located on Calcareous structure. This plant grows in sandy-loam with pH=7.9-8.4 and EC=0.58-1.05 mm /cm. There are more than 150 species were determined in all of habitats that Cymbopogon olivieri, Amygdalus scoparia, Pistacia khinjuk, Pistacia atlantica, Teucrium pollium, Amygdalus lycioides and Astragalus fasciculifolius were common in all of them.
S.H. Hejazian
Volume 23, Issue 2 , August 2007, , Pages 166-173
Abstract
The substances can produce analgesia by different receptors and the most important receptor is opiate receptor. Opiates agonists produced analgesia by binding specific G protein-coupled receptors located primarily in brain and spinal cord regions involved in the transmission and modulation of pain. Hops ...
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The substances can produce analgesia by different receptors and the most important receptor is opiate receptor. Opiates agonists produced analgesia by binding specific G protein-coupled receptors located primarily in brain and spinal cord regions involved in the transmission and modulation of pain. Hops with its scientific name Humulus Lupulus have hormonic and analgesic properties which is produced by Lopolon in plant. In this study formalin test was used as a standard pain inducing test and the analgesic effect of naloxan (5mg/kg) as an inhibitor of opiate receptor were compared to 10mg/kg of hops extract. The results show that, hops extract has no analgesic property by pretreatment of naloxan and the pain response is not significant as compared to normal saline. The pretreatment of naloxan by applying hops extract pain response is significantly increased in inflammatory phase of formalin test. This may be due to the hops arising from opiate receptors.
Volume 9, Issue 1 , August 2001, , Pages 179-187
Abstract
Flowers of Origanum vulgare L. Were collected from National Botanical Garden of Iran in. Aug. 1999 and steam distilled for 45 min. An essential oil with 0.3% Yield (based on dry Weight) Was obtained. In order to quantitative/Qualitative analysis, the oil was injected to GC and GC/MS. Thirty-six compounds ...
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Flowers of Origanum vulgare L. Were collected from National Botanical Garden of Iran in. Aug. 1999 and steam distilled for 45 min. An essential oil with 0.3% Yield (based on dry Weight) Was obtained. In order to quantitative/Qualitative analysis, the oil was injected to GC and GC/MS. Thirty-six compounds were identified representing total oil which among them B-Caryophyllene (24.5%), germacrene-D(15.2%), trans-sabinene hydrate (9.0%), sabinene(6.0%), a-humulene (5.1%), valencene (4.3%) and (E)-B-Ocimene(4.2%) were the major constituents.
M. Mohammadi Arani
Volume 22, Issue 3 , November 2006, , Pages 188-192
Abstract
In this research the effect of different concentrations and exposure time of clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllata) on anesthesia and recovery stages of fingerlings of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) in three groups of 4.25 g (9-11 cm), 3.33 g (7-9 cm) and 1.89 g (5-7 cm) was investigated at Shahid ...
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In this research the effect of different concentrations and exposure time of clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllata) on anesthesia and recovery stages of fingerlings of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) in three groups of 4.25 g (9-11 cm), 3.33 g (7-9 cm) and 1.89 g (5-7 cm) was investigated at Shahid Rajaee center in Sari in Mazandaran Province by immersion method. The pH and temperature of water were 8.31 and 22°C, respectively. Different concentrations of clove oil (25-120 PPM) showed significant effect according to data of this research (mean range of anesthesia and recovery stages were 39-527 and 247-773 seconds, respectively). Based on the results, when the concentration and exposure time enhanced, the anesthesia stages happened rapidly, while recovery stages take placed more slowly (α<0.05). The 75 PPM of clove oil was determined as the best concentration for anesthesia and recovery. This study shows the high potential of clove oil for fish anesthesia, and the clove oil different concentrations (50-120 PPM) seems to be suitable for anesthetization of Persian sturgeon fingerlings.
Biological effects of essential oils and extracts
s. Akbari; Sh. Aramideh
Abstract
Aphis gossypii Glover. is one of the most important pests of Cucurbitaceae family. Nowadays, control of the pest population using the environmentally compatible compounds has been increased. In this study, fumigant toxicity of different concentrations and time intervals of Achillea millefolium L. and ...
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Aphis gossypii Glover. is one of the most important pests of Cucurbitaceae family. Nowadays, control of the pest population using the environmentally compatible compounds has been increased. In this study, fumigant toxicity of different concentrations and time intervals of Achillea millefolium L. and Mentha pulegium L. essential oils (EO) was studied in a completely randomized design on adults of mentioned pest. Also, sublethal effects of EOs were evaluated on life table parameters of adult aphids. The results showed that these plants EOs caused significant mortality of adult insects. LC50 of A. millefolium and M. pulegium EOs on A. gossypii were 34.90 and 23.34 µl.l-1 of air, respectively. LT50 of EOs were obtained 12.30 h in 34.90 µl.l-1 of air concentration of A. millefolium EO and 12.02 h in 23.34 µl.l-1 of air concentration of M. pulegium EO. Intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) as the most important life table parameter of the pest was obtained 0.28 (female/female/day: the number of female individuals produced per female each day) in the M. pulegium EO treatment and 0.27 (female/female/day) in the A. millefolium EO one, which had a significant decrease compared to control (0.34). The study results of sublethal effects of these two essential oils on population growth parameters indicated that age-specific survival rate of the aphid was lower in the treatments compared to control. Life expectancy (ex) was the lowest in the M. pulegium treatment (10.97 days) and highest in control (20.73 days). Net reproductive rate was calculated 15.64, 9.38, and 35.76 (female/female/generation) for A. millefolium, M. pulegium, and control, respectively. Our results revealed that the plant EOs studied could be suggested to be used in the integrated A. gossypii management programs in greenhouses due to the high potential in fumigant toxicity and population decrease of this pest.
B. Bahreininejad; M. Mirza
Abstract
Thymus daenensis Celak is one of the Iranian endemic plants. Since this species is one of the most valuable medicinal plants in the central Zagros region, extra-human exploitation has put it at risk of extinction. Ordination technique is one of the methods showing the relationship between plant and environmental ...
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Thymus daenensis Celak is one of the Iranian endemic plants. Since this species is one of the most valuable medicinal plants in the central Zagros region, extra-human exploitation has put it at risk of extinction. Ordination technique is one of the methods showing the relationship between plant and environmental variables. In order to study the effects of ecological variables on essential oil components, eight growing regions of Thymus daenensis in Isfahan province were identified and after collecting the aerial parts of plant materials, the essential oil was extracted and their components were detected. Twenty four bio-climatical, edaphical and topographical factors in each habitate were collected for ordination analysis. Results showed that elevation, mean temperature of the wettest season, isothermality, precipitation of the wettest season, annual precipitation, precipitation of the driest season and annual temperature range, clay, gravel, organic matter, available nitrogen and potassium were the most effective variables on the essential oil components. Thymol content as the main component in the essential oil was affected by annual temperature range, elevation, and slope. Soil sand percentage and the mean temperature of wettest quarter were the most effective variables on carvacrol. The result of this study could have valuable role in Thymus daenensis cultivation management in nature or farm regarding to its chemical components needed in the medicinal and hygienic industries.
Z. Rasouli; S. Maleki Farahani; H. Besharati
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) quantitative and qualitative yield was assessed in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included NPK fertilizers at three levels (0, 50 and 100 percent of the recommended amount of fertilizer) and non-chemical ...
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Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) quantitative and qualitative yield was assessed in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included NPK fertilizers at three levels (0, 50 and 100 percent of the recommended amount of fertilizer) and non-chemical fertilizers in four levels (no fertilizer, vermicompost, bio fertilizers containing Pseudomonas and Bacillus, and integrated application of vermicompost and bio fertilizers). Results showed that the interaction effect of chemical and non-chemical fertilizers was significant on all parameters and fertilization increased the quality and quantity yield of saffron compared to control. Integrated application of 50% of the amounts of chemical fertilizers, vermicompost and bacteria was the superior treatment to increase stigma dry weight, stigma yield, crocin percentage, picrocrocin percentage and safranal percentage by 2.03, 4.65, 0.83, 1.10 and 1.46 fold, respectively in comparison with control. Although the effectiveness of integrated application of bacteria with 0% and 100% chemical fertilizers on crocin content, pure vermicompost and integrated application of bacteria with 50% and 100% chemical fertilizers on picrocrocin content and pure bacteria on safranal content were more than those of integrated application of vermicompost, bio and 50% chemical fertilizer, the greatest impacts of recent treatment on flower yield, stigma yield and stigma ingredients led to introduce it as the superior treatment. The effectiveness of this treatment compared to 0%, 50% and 100% of chemical fertilizer application on dry stigma was 50.95%, 20.48% and 12.86%, respectively.
M. Bahrami; M.A. Alizadeh; M. Nasiri
Abstract
In order to study of dry matter yield, essential oil and morphological traits in Nepeta spp., nine accessions belonging to three species including Nepeta racemosa Lam., Nepeta menthoides Boiss. & Buhse and Nepeta cataria L. were evaluated in the Alborz research station, Karaj Iran ...
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In order to study of dry matter yield, essential oil and morphological traits in Nepeta spp., nine accessions belonging to three species including Nepeta racemosa Lam., Nepeta menthoides Boiss. & Buhse and Nepeta cataria L. were evaluated in the Alborz research station, Karaj Iran in 2014. The seeds of accessions were sown in pots in greenhouse and then were transferred to field at vegetative growth stage. The accessions were arranged in a complete randomized block design in three repetitions. Each plot contained 15 spaced plants with 0.5 m intervals. The drip irrigation system was used for irrigation. Data were collected for plant height, flowers per plant, the canopy area, canopy diameter length, fresh and dry matter yield, and essence percentage. To extract the essential oil, the foliage was harvested at flowering stage and dried, milled and the essential oil was extracted using distillation method with water. Data were analyzed of variance and species means were compared based on Duncan method. The results of analysis of variance showed significant difference among the species for all traits except fresh and dry foliage yield. Result indicated that N. cataria was late maturity species and both N. menthoides and N. racemosa were early maturity species. The lowest canopy area was recorded for N. cataria as compared with the two other species. N. cataria had the highest plant height with an average value of 90.1 cm and N. racemosa had the highest flower density with an average value of 15.7 flowers per plant. For N. cataria, the Acc. 15062-Arak was a late maturity species and had higher essential oil yield. Similarly, the Acc. 21132-Bafgh had higher foliage production. In N. menthoides, the Acc. 27795-Meshkinshar had the highest canopy area.
A. Amiri; F. Ezzati Ghadi; A. Ramezani Ghara; S. Rezai Zarchi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) on liver necrosis induced by copper sulfate in rats. Twenty-eight male rats were divided into four groups as follows: 1) Normal, 2) Toxicant control (CuSo4 was given orally (200 mg/kg b.w), 3) Purslane was given orally ...
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) on liver necrosis induced by copper sulfate in rats. Twenty-eight male rats were divided into four groups as follows: 1) Normal, 2) Toxicant control (CuSo4 was given orally (200 mg/kg b.w), 3) Purslane was given orally (400 mg/kg b.w) and 4) Toxicant + purslane. At the end of the four weeks, all the rats were sacrificed and some biochemical parameters of serum such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and concentrations of alondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in serum were estimated. CuSo4 significantly increased the levels of ALT, AST, and MDA and decreased the levels of CAT, SOD, and GPx in toxicant rats. The toxicant + purslane group restored these changes to normal levels. Histopathological findings are consistent with biochemical findings. Purslane has a hepatoprotective effect on CuSo4-induced hepatic damage in rats and these effects might be contributed to modulation of detoxification enzymes and antioxidant and free radical scavenger effects.
M. Zeynali; B. Maleki Zanjani; P. Moradi; F. Shekari; S.M. Niazkhani
Abstract
Biological stresses such as drought affect the production of secondary metabolites, especially plant sterols (phytosterols). Among the phytoestrols found in pumpkin seeds, betasitosterol is one of the most important components which also have many medicinal properties. In this study, the effect of five ...
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Biological stresses such as drought affect the production of secondary metabolites, especially plant sterols (phytosterols). Among the phytoestrols found in pumpkin seeds, betasitosterol is one of the most important components which also have many medicinal properties. In this study, the effect of five levels of drought stress on seed oil production and its phytosterols was studied in three genotypes and Styriaca variety of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). Analysis of phytosterols using GC/MS showed that increasing drought stress had a negative effect on oil production from pumpkin ripe seeds, but oil phytosterols, especially betasitosterol, increased and this increase was higher in Styriaca than other genotypes. To confirm these results, the seeds were harvested 15-30 days after flowering and the expression of SQS, PP2A, SMT2, ERG26 and Cycloartenol synthase genes involved in the phytosterol biosynthesis pathway was investigated. The results indicated that, among the different levels of drought stress and genes studied, highest expression level was observed at the rainfed level and at that time, betasitosterol and stigmasterol pathway had the main activity in steroid biosynthesis pathway in pumpkin.
S. Hazrati Yadekori; Z. Tahmasebi Sarvestani
Abstract
Aloe vera L. is one of the most important medicinal plants in the world mostly cultivated due to its economic and medicinal value. In order to study the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and benzyl adenine hormone (BA) on growth and ramet production of Aloe vera L. a factorial experiment ...
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Aloe vera L. is one of the most important medicinal plants in the world mostly cultivated due to its economic and medicinal value. In order to study the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and benzyl adenine hormone (BA) on growth and ramet production of Aloe vera L. a factorial experiment was carried out based on a complete randomized blocks design with four replications in an experimental greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University. Treatments included four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (N1: control, N2: 500, N3: 1000, and N4: 1500 mg per pot) and four levels of benzyl adenine (BA) (BA1: Control, BA2: 500, BA3: 1000, BA4: 1500 mg/L). At the end of the experiment period, plant height, stem diameter, number of ramets, number of leaf ramet, ramet weight, ramet height and total biomass were measured. The results showed that application of 1000 mg nitrogen and 1000 mg/L benzyl adenine had the most effect on the growth factors. Also, application of 1500 mg nitrogen and 1500 mg/L benzyl adenine had the highest effect on ramet characteristics. However, ramet number increased with increment of BA concentration and the highest ramet number was obtained on 1500 mg BA spray treatment without nitrogen application. According to the results, simultaneous application of 1000 and 1500 mg nitrogen and 1000 and 1500 mg\L benzyl adenine had the most influence on the measured factors.
M. Nabaei; P. Roshandel; A. Mohammadkhani
Abstract
Rheum ribes is a plant species in Polygonaceae family which grows in Iran and is considered as a valuable medicinal species in traditional medicine. Rheum ribes seeds hardly germinate because of seed dormancy and may cause difficulties for its massive industrial cultivations. This study was performed ...
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Rheum ribes is a plant species in Polygonaceae family which grows in Iran and is considered as a valuable medicinal species in traditional medicine. Rheum ribes seeds hardly germinate because of seed dormancy and may cause difficulties for its massive industrial cultivations. This study was performed to determine the best treatment for seed dormancy breaking. To achieve this goal, several treatments were applied comprising: Hot water (70 and 90 ˚C) for 15 minutes, moist chilling (at 2 ˚C) for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days, sulfuric acid 75% (5 and 15 minutes), KNO3 (0.2%), gibberellic acid, kinetin, auxin (100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm) and 24-epibrassinolid (0.5 and 1 ppm), for 24 and 48 h washing (for 24 and 48 h), and finally a combined treatment of gibberellic acid (500 ppm) and chilling at 2 ˚C for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days. According to the results, seed dormancy in Rheum ribes is physiological since the highest germination percentage (96%) was obtained by using the combined treatment of gibberellic acid (500 ppm) and pre-chilling (for 25 days). In addition, the effect of moist chilling treatment –by itself- on breaking seed dormancy was remarkable in this plant as germination increased up to 89%. Effects of hormones were also statistically significant on increasing seed germination but compared with the salient effect of combined chilling and gibberellic acid treatment was not so remarkable. On the other hand, other applied treatments had no effects on breaking seed dormancy in Rheum ribes which indicates that the type of seed dormancy in Rheum ribes is not physical or due to the accumulation of inhibitory substance in seed coat.
F. Salarpour; H. Farahbakhsh
Abstract
Recently, the application of SA has increased to improve plants’ resistance to stresses such as drought. Hence to investigate SA effects on morphophysiological characteristics of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress, a split plot experiment based on latin square design with three ...
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Recently, the application of SA has increased to improve plants’ resistance to stresses such as drought. Hence to investigate SA effects on morphophysiological characteristics of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress, a split plot experiment based on latin square design with three replications was carried out at the research farm of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2012. Three levels of drought stress (50, 75 and 100% of field capacity) and three concentrations of SA (0, 0.5 and 1mM) were considered as main and sub-plot treatments, respectively. Foliar application of SA was performed at 3-to 4-leaf growth stage and before application of drought stress. Results showed that the drought stress reduced the number of fertile umbel/plant, the number of fertile umbellate/umbel, the number of grains/umbellate, relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoids and grain yield, while increased electrolyte leakage when compared with control. Salicylic acid reduced electrolyte leakage, while increased the number of fertile umbel/plant, the number of fertile umbellate/umbel, the number of grains/umbellate, RWC, chlorophyll, carotenoids and grain yield when compared to control (No SA application). Interaction of drought stress × SA on the number of fertile umbel/plant, the number of fertile umbellate/umbel, RWC, carotenoids and grain yield was significant. Increasing photosynthetic pigments, RWC and decreasing electrolyte leakage indicates a reduction in oxidative damage and implies SA role in tolerance of fennel to drought stress.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Ahmadvand; A. Javanmard; M. Haghaninia; M.R. Morshedloo
Abstract
Intercropping systems and biofertilizers application play an important role in improving the quantity and quality of plant products. In this regard, to evaluate the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative traits of Thymus vulgaris L. in intercropping with Cicer arietinum ...
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Intercropping systems and biofertilizers application play an important role in improving the quantity and quality of plant products. In this regard, to evaluate the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative traits of Thymus vulgaris L. in intercropping with Cicer arietinum L., an experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh during 2020 growing season. Treatments included thyme sole culture, thyme sole culture inoculated with Myco-Root, chickpea sole culture, chickpea sole culture inoculated with Myco-Root, intercropping of one row chickpea+one row thyme (1:1), planting pattern of 1:1 inoculated with Myco-Root, intercropping of two rows chickpea+one row thyme (2:1), and planting pattern of 2:1 inoculated with Myco-Root. The results demonstrated that the highest seed (751.40 kg.ha-1) and biological (1645.6 kg.ha-1) yields of chickpea were obtained in the chickpea monoculture inoculated with Myco-Root, which was not significantly different from planting pattern of 2:1 inoculated with Myco-Root. Moreover, the highest dry matter yield of thyme (189.47 g.m-2) was achieved in the sole culture with application of mycorrhizal fungus. Also, the highest percentage (1.69) and essential oil yield (3.31 g.m-2) of thyme was obtained in planting pattern of 1:1 with application of mycorrhizal fungus in first harvest. Thymol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene were recognized as the main essential oil compounds. The highest percentage of thymol and γ-terpinene was obtained in planting pattern of 1:1 inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus. Also, the highest agronomical (land equivalent ratio, area harvest equivalent ratio, area time equivalent ratio, and land use efficiency) and economic (intercropping advantage, monetary advantage index, and system productivity index) indices were achieved in the intercropping ratio of 2:1 and 1:1 with application of Myco-Root biofertilizer, respectively. In general, the results showed that the Myco-Root biofertilizer application in intercropping, especially the planting pattern of 1:1, could improve the quantity and quality of thyme essential oil.
M.R. Akhgar; D. Ghazanfari; H. Rahbari
Abstract
The genus Nepeta, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, has 67 species in Iran, most of which are endemic. In this study we provide a qualitative and quantitative comparison of essential oil of leaves, flowers, stems and roots. Nepeta bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Bornm., an endemic and aromatic species, was ...
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The genus Nepeta, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, has 67 species in Iran, most of which are endemic. In this study we provide a qualitative and quantitative comparison of essential oil of leaves, flowers, stems and roots. Nepeta bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Bornm., an endemic and aromatic species, was collected from Hezar mountain, Kerman province, Iran, in May 2011. The essential oils of leaves, flowers, stems and roots of the plantwere separately extracted using hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In the leaf and flower oils, 38 and 19 components were identified, representing 98.% and 94.5% of the total oils, with 4aβ,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone (29.2% and 26.8%), 1,8-cineole (19.6% and 14.6%), 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (6.6% and 19.5%) and β-pinene (18.9% and 11.4%) as the main constituents, respectively. The stem oil was characterized by higher amount of 4aβ,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone (39.8%), caryophyllene oxide (24.1%) and 1,8-cineole (12.8%) among the 9 components comprising 95.8% of the total oil. Furthermore, 12 compounds were identified in the root oil, representing 99.3% of the total oil. 4aβ,7α,7aβ-Nepetalactone (73.2%) and 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (13.4%) isomers were found to be the major constituents. As a result, nepetalactone was the dominant component in the essential oils of N. bornmuelleri.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
S.M.R. Habibian; P. Sorbi Akbari; V. Rowshan
Abstract
Teucrium polium L. belongs to the fam. Lamiaceae and grows mostly in the barren, rocky, and sandy areas of various parts of Europe, the Mediterranean, North Africa, and southwest Asia including Iran. It has various therapeutic properties such as analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, and antihypertensive. ...
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Teucrium polium L. belongs to the fam. Lamiaceae and grows mostly in the barren, rocky, and sandy areas of various parts of Europe, the Mediterranean, North Africa, and southwest Asia including Iran. It has various therapeutic properties such as analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, and antihypertensive. These healing properties are due to the presence of various chemical compounds in the essential oil. Plant harvest at the different phenological stages has a great impact on the amount of essential oil compounds of this species. This study was conducted to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes of T. polium essential oil (EO) during the growing season in Cheshmeh-e-Anjir rangelands of Fars province and at three phenological stages (vegetative peak, beginning of flowering, and flowering peak) in a completely randomized block design in 2017. The EOs were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results of this study showed that the main EO constituents were caryophyllene oxide (12.1%), α-pinene (11.8%), germacrene D (9.1%), myrcene (8.5%), limonene (7.2%), β-pinene (6.7%), bicyclogermacrene (6.6%), E-caryophyllene (4.6%), and α-bisabolol oxide B (3.4%) at the vegetative peak stage with the EO percentage of 0.9%, germacrene A (26.6%), bicyclogermacrene (18.3%), (E)-β-ocimene (8.9%), myrcene (7.8%), spathulenol (6.0%), limonene (5.3%), α-pinene (3.6%), and β-pinene (2.6%) at the begining of flowering with the EO percentage of 0.3%, and α-pinene (25.8%), myrcene (12.5%), germacrene D (11.8%), β-pinene (11.7%), limonene (8.5%), spathulenol (4.6%), and bicyclogermacrene (7.2%) at the flowering peak with the EO percentage of 0.2%.
M.B. Rezaee; M. Naderi Hagy Bager Candy; K Jaimand
Volume 19, Issue 3 , October 2003, , Pages 233-238
Abstract
The source of agar is a family of red seaweeds (Rhodophyceae) of which Gracilaria canaliculata and Gracilaria foliifera are examples of commercially important genera. Agar is a strongly gelling seaweed hydrocolloid composed of polysaccharides. The main structure of agar ...
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The source of agar is a family of red seaweeds (Rhodophyceae) of which Gracilaria canaliculata and Gracilaria foliifera are examples of commercially important genera. Agar is a strongly gelling seaweed hydrocolloid composed of polysaccharides. The main structure of agar is chemically characterized by the repeating units of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro- L- galactose with a few variations, as well as by low ester sulphate content. In this investigation two samples of the Gracilaria to be harvested in Qeshm shores in Hormozgane provine (2001) for agar production. With Ethanol 95% and 75% carbohydrate of Agar extracted. Then solution Extracted centrifuged in 3500 U/min for 10 mint. We used, solution extract for determination of carbohydrate from Antron methods by Spectrophotometry (HITACHI 340) in 625 nm. The total carbohydrate content in Gracilaria canaliculata is 10.79% and Gracilaria foliifera 12.03%.
M. Ghazi Manas; Sh Banj Shafiee; M.R. Hajseyd Hadi; M.T Darzi
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of vermicompost and nitrogen on qualitative and quantitative yield of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). The experimental design was factorial based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replications, conducted ...
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The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of vermicompost and nitrogen on qualitative and quantitative yield of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). The experimental design was factorial based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replications, conducted in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands during spring 2010. Treatments were consisted of four levels of vermicompost (5, 10, 15 and 20 tons per hectare) and nitrogen of four levels (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg per hectare). The measured traits included number of flowers per plant, diameter of flower, dry and fresh flower yield, essential oil percentage and Chamazulene content in essential oil. Results showed that vermicompost had significant effects on dry flower weight and essential oil percentage (α ≤ 0.05%). In addition, it had significant effects on dry and fresh flower yield and Chamazulene (α ≤ 0.05%). The effect of nitrogen on the number of flower (α ≤ 0.05%) and essential oil percentage (α ≤ 0.01%) was significant. The results of interaction effects showed significant differences for the number of flower, dry flower yield, dry flower weight, essential oil percentage and Chamazulene.
M.B. Rezaee; K. Jaimand; V. Mozaffrian
Volume 24, Issue 3 , November 2008, , Pages 271-277
Abstract
The volatile constituents of Anthemis coelopoda Boiss. were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In this study samples were collected from Gilan province in Rodbar on late May 2003. According to literature, this species was not the subject of research up to now and therefore its ...
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The volatile constituents of Anthemis coelopoda Boiss. were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In this study samples were collected from Gilan province in Rodbar on late May 2003. According to literature, this species was not the subject of research up to now and therefore its chemical composition is not well known. The major constituents of A. coelopoda Boiss. flower oil were Cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (27.3%), hexyl butanoate (16%), and myrcene (7%), while the leaf oil contained isobornyl formate (30.6%), Trans-ethyl chrysanthemumate (15%) and p-mentha-1,5-diene-8-ol (13.7.4%).
M.A. Soltani poor; M.B. Rezaei; A. Moradshahi
Volume 20, Issue 3 , October 2004, , Pages 277-289
Abstract
Zhumeria majdae is one of the important, endomic, unic medicinal plants of hormozgan province that its uses has been known from pasts by native people. In this investigation. constituents of essential oils of Zhumeria majdae collected from Sarchahan mounth of Hormozgan province at flowering ...
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Zhumeria majdae is one of the important, endomic, unic medicinal plants of hormozgan province that its uses has been known from pasts by native people. In this investigation. constituents of essential oils of Zhumeria majdae collected from Sarchahan mounth of Hormozgan province at flowering stages and were determined with GC and GC/MS. Then, effects of different concentrations of essential oils prepared from leaves of Zhumeria majdae on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcos aureous were tested. Chromatography analysis (GC & GC/MS) showed that were 22 different compounds present in essential oils of leaves of Zhumeria majdae. The major compounds were Linalool (60.4), Camphor (26.5), Borneol (2.1), Geraniol (2.1), Limonene (1.3) and Camphene (1.2). In this investigation arabic gum solution was control and different dilutions of essential oil of Zhumeria majdae were treatments. The dilutions of essential oil (0 ,20 ,40 , 60 percent) on Staphylococcos aureous and the dilutions of essential oil (0 ,20 percent) on Escherichia coli had MIC property. The dilutions of essential oil (80 , 100 percent) on Staphylococcos aureous and the dilutions of essential oil (40 ,60, 80, 100 percent) on Escherichia coli had MBC efficacy. In this study, constituents of essential oils and antimicrobial potentials of Zhumeria majdae were determined.
S. Asgary; H. Madani; P. Mahzoni; N. Jafari; Gh. Naderi
Volume 22, Issue 4 , February 2007, , Pages 303-314
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is invariably the most frequent cause of death in most of the west countries. Atherosclerosis which is the most common risk factor for CHD caused by a gradual deposition of fats and lipids in muscular arteries. Many species of Artemisia from Compositeae family have hypolipidemic ...
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Coronary heart disease (CHD) is invariably the most frequent cause of death in most of the west countries. Atherosclerosis which is the most common risk factor for CHD caused by a gradual deposition of fats and lipids in muscular arteries. Many species of Artemisia from Compositeae family have hypolipidemic and antioxidative properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Artemisia sieberi extract on blood lipids and development of atherosclerosis in rabbits fed by a high cholesterol diet. For this objective 15 male rabbits were randomly divided in three groups (normal diet, hypercholesterolemic diet (HCD) and HCD + 100 mg/kg body weight Artemisia sieberi extract). Total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and HDL cholesterol were measured before starting and after 1st and 2nd months of experimental period. After two months, rabbits were killed following chloroform over dose and their aortas were removed for assessment of atherosclerotic plaques. The results indicate that Artemisia sieberi significantly reduces the levels of TC, LDL, TG and TC/HDL and significantly increase the level of HDL. The atherosclerotic plaque formation was significantly reduced in Artemisia sieberi group as compared to the control hypercholesterolemic group.
F. Sefidkon; A. Bahmanzadegan; M. Golipour; V. Mozafarian; S. Meshkizadeh
Abstract
The genus Bunium comprised of 14 species in Iran, two of them (B. wolfi and B. lurestanicum) are endemic. Among these species, only B. persicum is famous and used in medicinal and nutrition industries. In this research, two other species of Bunium named as B. cylindricum (Boiss.& Hohen.) Drude and ...
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The genus Bunium comprised of 14 species in Iran, two of them (B. wolfi and B. lurestanicum) are endemic. Among these species, only B. persicum is famous and used in medicinal and nutrition industries. In this research, two other species of Bunium named as B. cylindricum (Boiss.& Hohen.) Drude and B. rectangulum Boiss.& Hausskn., were studied. At first, different parts of these plants were collected from their habitats. Different parts were separated and then dried. The dried plant materials were subjected to hydro-distillation for obtaining the essential oils. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Seventeen components were characterized in the oil of aerial parts of B. cylindricum at flowering stage. Germacrene D (31.2%), dill apiol (26.9%), E- caryophyllene (11.6%) and germacrene B (7.1%) were the main constituents. 20 compounds were identified in the seed oil of B. cylindricum with dill apiol (25.8%), E- caryophyllene (15.4%), globulol (12.2%), spathulenol (7.2%) and germacrene D (6.6%) as main components. 11 compounds were identified in the seed oil of B. rectangulum with dill apiol (63.3%), Germacrene D (22.4%) and E-caryophyllene (5.1%) as main components. 21 components were characterized in the flower oil of B. rectangulum. Germacrene D (36.7%), Dill apiol (11.1%), bicyclogermacrene (16.5%) and E-caryophyllene (15.9%) were the main constituents. The results showed that the essential oils of both species contained mainly sesquiterpens, but the percentages of these compounds were different.
