M. Makkizadeh; M.R. Chaichi; S. Nasrollahzadeh; K. Khavazi
Abstract
Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants as its essential oil is used in different industries including pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food.In this research, effect of different types of nitrogen fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of summer ...
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Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants as its essential oil is used in different industries including pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food.In this research, effect of different types of nitrogen fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of summer savory was evaluated in a complete randomized blocks design with three replications .The treatments included chemical fertilizer (150 kg/ha urea), biofertilizer (Azospirillum & Azotobacter), combinations of biofertilizer and 50% chemical fertilizer and control. Different characteristics such as plant height, number of lateral branches, flowering shoot dry weight, shoot dry weight, essential oil yield and essential oil percentage were recorded.According to the results, all studied characteristics were affected by different types of nitrogen fertilizers and the highest records were obtained at 50% chemical fertilizer. Percentage of essential oil was also significantly affected by fertilizer treatments as the most percentage of essential oil was respectively obtained at chemical fertilizer (2.07%), combination of biofertilizer and 50% chemical fertilizer (1.91%) and biofertilizer (1.90%). Application of different nitrogen sources significantly increased essential oil yield compared to the control treatment and the highest essential oil yield was obtained at combinations of biofertilizer and 50% chemical fertilizer (30.23 kg/ha). Afterward, chemical fertilizer and biofertilizer respectively produced the most essential oil yield. Our results indicated thatapplication of bio-fertilizers alone or in combination with chemical fertilizer has positive effects in improvement of qualitative and quantitative traits of Summer savory; so it could be considered instead of continuous use of chemical fertilizersas a shift towards sustainable agriculture and reduce pollution from chemical fertilizer.
L. Safaei; E. Sharifi ashoorabadi; H. Zeinali; M. Mirza
Abstract
In order to study the effect of different harvesting stages on aerial yield, essential oil percentage and essential oil components in Thymus daenensis Celak., an experiment was conducted in Esfahan as a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications during 2007- 2009 and the best harvest time ...
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In order to study the effect of different harvesting stages on aerial yield, essential oil percentage and essential oil components in Thymus daenensis Celak., an experiment was conducted in Esfahan as a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications during 2007- 2009 and the best harvest time for maximum aerial yield, essential oil yield and amount of thymol were investigated. Aerial parts of the plants were harvested at four stages including: beginning of flowering, 50% flowering, full flowering and fruit set and were dried in the shade. The results showed that different harvesting stages had significant effects on all evaluated traits. According to the results of mean comparisons, the highest aerial dry weight and essential oil yield occurred at full flowering stage and the highest essential oil percentage was recorded at 50% flowering. Interaction effect of year and different harvesting stages showed that the highest aerial dry weight and essential oil yield (3083 and 68.61 kg/ha respectively) were recorded at full flowering stage in the second year. In both years, the highest amount of essential oil percentage was observed at 50% flowering and the year had no significant effect on this trait. The essential oil was mainly consisted of six components, among them thymol was dominant at four harvesting stages. The highest amount of thymol was obtained from beginning of flowering stage (85.9%) which had significant difference compared to other stages. The second dominant component was carvacrol at fruit set which showed significant difference compared to other stages. The maximum amount of P-cymene, 1,8-cineole and δ-terpinene were recorded at 50% flowering stage (3.4, 1.4 and 1.8% respectively). Borneole was also dominant (2.53%) at fruit set. In conclusion, full flowering stage was identified as the best time for harvesting of T. daenensis to achieve the maximum aerial yield, essential oil and thymol yield.
S.F. Mirahmadi; M.R. Hasandokht; F. Sefidkon; M.E. Hassani
Abstract
Achillea biebersteinii Afan. is a member of Asteraceae and occurs wild in different parts of the world including Europe, Turkey, Iran and central Asia. In addition to traditional medicine, the plant is also considered in modern medicine and different industries because of its essential oil characteristics. ...
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Achillea biebersteinii Afan. is a member of Asteraceae and occurs wild in different parts of the world including Europe, Turkey, Iran and central Asia. In addition to traditional medicine, the plant is also considered in modern medicine and different industries because of its essential oil characteristics. The present study was conducted to investigate the essential oil content and composition of nine populations of A. biebersteinii collected from different ports of Khorassan Province. For this purpose, after calculating essential oil content of each population with three independent experiments, chemical constituents of oils were identified by means of GC and GC-MS analyses. The results showed that Golool (1.62%) and Chelmir (1.60%) contained the highest amount of essential oil. Totally, 23 components were characterized in the essential oil of all populations with oxygenated monoterpens (47.9-73.1%) as the principle fraction. While 1,8-cineole, nepetalactone, p-cymene, a-terpinene and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate were identified as the prevalent constituents of all investigated essential oils, lavandulyl 2-methyl butyrate and cis-chrysanthenol were the rarest ones. Due to the high content of essential oil and high levels of 1,8-cineole, nepetalactone derivatives and p-cymene which are well-known biologically active compounds, Golool and Azghad populations seem to be suitable for application in relevant industries.
M.R. Akhgar; M. Moradalizadeh
Abstract
The genus Nepeta (Labiatae) with the common Persian name of “Pune-sa” includes 67 species in Iran and Nepeta schiraziana Boiss. is one of its endemic species. In this study, the stems, flowers and leaves of Nepeta schiraziana were collected from Sepidan region in north-west of Fars Province. ...
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The genus Nepeta (Labiatae) with the common Persian name of “Pune-sa” includes 67 species in Iran and Nepeta schiraziana Boiss. is one of its endemic species. In this study, the stems, flowers and leaves of Nepeta schiraziana were collected from Sepidan region in north-west of Fars Province. The essential oils of stems, flowers and leaves of the plant were separately obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In each oils of the stem and flower, fourteen components were identified with 1,8-cineole (45.6% and 39.4%), germacrene D (17.4% and 15.8%), and β-caryophyllene (11.7% and 10.6%) as the main constituents, respectively. Furthermore, 1,8-cineole (38.5%), β-caryophyllene (14.2%), and caryophyllene oxide (11.7%) were the major components among the 18 constituents characterized in the leaf oil. As a result, 1,8-cineole was the dominant compound in the investigated oils while nepetalactone isomers reported in many Nepeta species, were not identified in Nepeta schiraziana.
V. Weisany; S. Rahimzadeh; Y. Sohrabi
Abstract
Fertilizer management is utmost important factor in success of pharmaceutical crops cultivation. Application of biological fertilizers is important in production of these plants with the aim of elimination or significant reduction of chemical inputs and also increase of soil fertility and improvement ...
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Fertilizer management is utmost important factor in success of pharmaceutical crops cultivation. Application of biological fertilizers is important in production of these plants with the aim of elimination or significant reduction of chemical inputs and also increase of soil fertility and improvement of plant growth and quality. Therefore, an experiment was conducted on basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture of Kurdistan University. A complete randomized design with five treatments and four replications were used. Treatments were nitroxin, biological phosphorus, nitroxin+biological phosphorus, chemical origin of nitrogen+phosphorus and control (no fertilizer). The results indicated significant effect of treatments on the dry weight of total shoots, plant height, number of leaves, leaf dry weight, photosynthesis, transpiration, essential oil content and yield, root dry weight, number of flowering branches and chlorophyll content. But, this effect was not significant on root length, stem dry weigh and sub-stomata CO2. The plant performanced better with application of chemical fertilizer and a mixture of nitroxin and biological phosphorus in terms of the mentioned criteria. Therefore, it could be concluded that biological fertilizers may be considered as a suitable replacement for a lot of chemical fertilizers consumption in sustainable agricultural systems.
N. Heidari; M. Pouryousef; A. Tavakkoli; J. Saba
Abstract
To study the effect of drought stress and harvesting date on yield and essential oil production of Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), a field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, University of Zanjan during spring of 2010. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on complete randomized ...
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To study the effect of drought stress and harvesting date on yield and essential oil production of Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), a field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, University of Zanjan during spring of 2010. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on complete randomized block design with three replications. The effects of water stress in three levels including control, drought stress at flowering and grain filling stages and two harvesting dates including harvest at hard dough and maturity stages were investigated. The results showed that the effect of drought stress on seed yield, total dry matter, number of umbrella in plant, 1000-seed weight, harvest index, essential oil percentage and essential oil yield was significant (p≤0.05). Majority of the mentioned traits except essential oil percentage significantly decreased (p≤0.05) under drought stress conditions but essential oil percentage increased. So the highest grain yield (622 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (20.95 kg/ha) were obtained in control treatment (full irrigation). The results also showed that the effects of harvest date on seed yield, 1000-seed weight, total dry matter, essential oil percentage and harvest index were was significant (p≤0.01). The highest seed yield (501 kg/ha) and essential oil percentage (3.85) were obtained in hard dough and maturity stages respectively.
H. Batooli; J. Safaei-Ghomi
Abstract
Nepeta L. genus belongs to Labiatae family that has important medicinal and aromatic species. More than 250 species in world and 67 annual and pernnial species in Iran have been reported. In this investigation, essential oil composition of Nepeta gloeocephala Rech. f., Nepeta sessilifolia Bunge and Nepeta ...
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Nepeta L. genus belongs to Labiatae family that has important medicinal and aromatic species. More than 250 species in world and 67 annual and pernnial species in Iran have been reported. In this investigation, essential oil composition of Nepeta gloeocephala Rech. f., Nepeta sessilifolia Bunge and Nepeta laxiflora Benth have been staudied. The species are endemic to Iran and have natural habitats in Dorien, Ghohroud and Mashhad-e-ardahal of Kashan. The flowering branches of these species were collected in spring and summer and dried in shade (at room temperature). The flowering branches of the species subjected to volatile fraction were isolated by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 or 4 hours. After decanting and drying of the oils over anhydrous sodium sulfate, they were stored in vial at low temperature (4ºC) before analysis. The analysis of the oils was performed using GC and GC-MS. The results showed that, the essential oil of Nepeta gloeocephala Rech. f. was yellow in 1/3% (v/w) yield and 29 components were identified, among them, 1,8-Cineole (35.2%), Beta-pinene (21.8%), sabinene (7.8%), (E)-beta ocimen (7.1%), alpha-pinene (7.1%) and (Z)-ocimene (6.9%) were the major compounds. The essential oil of Nepeta sessilifolia Bunge was bright yellow in 0.65% (v/w) yield and 33 components were characterized, among them, spathulenol (25.8%), lavandulyl acetate (16.7%), limonene (6.4%) and geranyl acetate (4.17%) were identified. The essential oil of Nepeta laxiflora Benth was sharp yellow in 0.175% (v/w) yield and 30 components were identified, among them, alpha-pinene (19.7%), 1,8-cineole (11.8%), alpha-bisabolol (6.9%), delta-cadinene (6.8%), germacreneD-4-ol (6.2%), and caryophyllene oxide (4.4%) were main compounds.
Sh. Khalesro; A. Ghalavand; F. Sefidkon; A. Asgharzadeh
Abstract
Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) is one of the aromatic and medicinal plants. Anethol is the most important component of its essential oil used in medicinal and food industries. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of vermicompost levels (0, 5 and 10 t.ha-1), mixture of Azotobacter, Azospirillum ...
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Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) is one of the aromatic and medicinal plants. Anethol is the most important component of its essential oil used in medicinal and food industries. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of vermicompost levels (0, 5 and 10 t.ha-1), mixture of Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Pseudomonas (inoculation and not-inoculation) and zeolite (0 and 4.5 t.ha-1) on essential oil content, composition and macro element contents of Pimpinella anisum. Experimental design was randomized complete blocks with factorial arrangement. Field experiment was conducted at Sanandaj Agriculture Research Station, in 2009. The results showed that vermicompost application improved essential oil content and yield, anethol and methyl chavicol percentage, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content. Inoculating seeds with PGPR led to significant increment in all of the mentioned characters except for methyl cavicol percentage and potassium concentration. Zeolite application had significant effect on essential oil content, oil yield and anethol percentage but no significant effect on the other characters. The most favorable interaction treatment for essential oil production and phosphorus percentage was the PGPR inoculation combined with the highest level of vermicompost.
S. Mafakheri; R. Omidbaigi; F. Sefidkon; F. Rejali
Abstract
Dracocephalum moldavica L. is an annual species of the Lamiaceae family with local and global importance. The aerial parts of the plant containing essential oil used in medicinal, cosmetic and food industries. In order to study the effects of biofertilizers on quantity and quality of essential ...
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Dracocephalum moldavica L. is an annual species of the Lamiaceae family with local and global importance. The aerial parts of the plant containing essential oil used in medicinal, cosmetic and food industries. In order to study the effects of biofertilizers on quantity and quality of essential oil in Dragonhead including the content of the essential oil and the content of the geraniol, geranial and geranyl acetate in the essential oil, an experiment was conducted at Tarbiat Modarres University in 2009. The factors were vermicompost (0, 15, 30% V/pot), Azotobacter (inoculated and non-inoculated) and phosphatic biofertilizer (inoculated and non-inoculated). A factorial experimental design was applied in a randomized complete blocks with twelve treatments and three replications. Mean comparison was carried out using Tukey multiple range test at 5% level. Results showed that the highest essential oil content (0.74%) and geranyl acetate content in the essential oil (61.1%) were obtained at the third level of the Vermicompost treatment (30%). The highest geraniol and geranial content in the essential oil (24.2% and 18.2%) respectively were obtained with V15× B0 and V15×A0.
B. Torabi Sagvand; M. Naderi Hadji Bagher Kandi; L. Sadeghzadeh
Abstract
Essential oils in aromatic plants are one of the valuable classes of natural product with medicinal properties. Many species from the genus of Eucalyptus contain essential oils and these oils could be used because of their antimicrobial effects. In this research, the essential oils of ten Eucalyptus ...
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Essential oils in aromatic plants are one of the valuable classes of natural product with medicinal properties. Many species from the genus of Eucalyptus contain essential oils and these oils could be used because of their antimicrobial effects. In this research, the essential oils of ten Eucalyptus species were obtained by hydro-distillation and examined against Escheichia coli (1330) and Micrococcus loteus (1110). The Eucalyptus species were Eucalyptus gilli, E. microcarpa, E. kingesmillii, E. loxophleba, E. gongylocarpa, E. salubris, E. erythrocorys, E. salmonophloia, E. spathulata and E. flocktoniae. The essential oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Antimicrobial effects of essential oils were evaluated after dilution with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) through agar diffusion method. The results showed that the main component of all essential oils was 1,8-cineole and α-pinene. The highest amount of 1,8-cineole (82.1%) was found in the oil of E. kingesmillii and the lowest amount (59.6%) was found in the oil of E. salubris. The results showed that all oils were effective against two bacteria. The diameters of inhibitory zones on Micrococcus loteus and Escheichia coli were 10 to 49 mm and 10 to 22 mm respectively.
M. Alijani; M. Amini Dehaghi; M.A. Malboobi; M. Zahedi; S.A.M. Modares Sanavi
Abstract
In order to study the effect of triple super phosphate (in three levels of 0, 50 and 80 kilograms of pure phosphorus per hectare) with or without phosphorus bio-fertilizer (Barvar 2) on yield and essential oil production of Matricaria recutita L., an experiment was conducted in a factorial design based ...
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In order to study the effect of triple super phosphate (in three levels of 0, 50 and 80 kilograms of pure phosphorus per hectare) with or without phosphorus bio-fertilizer (Barvar 2) on yield and essential oil production of Matricaria recutita L., an experiment was conducted in a factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications at research farm of Shahed University in Tehran, 2008. In this experiment, phonologic attributes (the time of appearance of the first bud and flower, number of flowers, fresh weight of flowers) and physiologic attributes (amount of essential oil and percentage of chamazulene) were studied. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the level of 1% among the treatments of phosphorus fertilizer with a view to yield (number of flowers and dry weight of flower) and the amount of 40 Kg phosphorus together with bio-fertilizer with production of 452.93 flowers and 7.74 grams of dry flower had the highest yield as compared with the other fertilizer treatments. Also the treatment of 40 kilograms of phosphorus together with bio-fertilizer with production of 0.53 milliliter essential oil and 15.81 percent chamazulene (effective ingredient) from 152/52 gr-1 m2 of dry flower had the highest yield of essential oil and chamazulene percentage. According to the results applying of 40 kilograms of phosphorus per hectare together with 80 kilograms of nitrogen with seeds inoculated by phosphorus biologic fertilizer of Barvar 2 is recommended.
N. Piroozi; H. Azarnivand; A. Kohandel; F. Khalighi-Sigaroodi
Abstract
One of the rangeland species that has many capabilities considering the studies done in terms of multiple uses is Bidens bipinnata L. which belongs to Compositae family and Bidens genus. This research was conducted in Karaj area in order to identification the chemical compounds in aerial parts of Bidens ...
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One of the rangeland species that has many capabilities considering the studies done in terms of multiple uses is Bidens bipinnata L. which belongs to Compositae family and Bidens genus. This research was conducted in Karaj area in order to identification the chemical compounds in aerial parts of Bidens bipinnata. To study on ingredients of the essential oil, after complete identification of plant and determination of its habitat, the aerial parts of the plant in fruit stage were collected. Plant samples were dried in shade condition and essential oils were extracted by Clevenger apparatus through Hydrodistilation method. Chemical compounds of the essential oil were completely separated and identified by (GC) and (GC/MS). Thirty one compounds were identified that among those, α-pinene (25.83%), β-myrcene (22.73%), germacrene D (10.20%), Bicyclogermacrene (7.61%), δ-elemene (3.50%), spathulenol (2.94%), were identified as major compounds respectively.
F. Najafi; Z. Tavakkoli
Abstract
In the present study, essential oil composition and antibacterial effects of Ziziphora tenuior in Hesarak (Karaj) and Venarch (Qom) were studied and compared. The aerial parts of plants were collected at full flowering stage and essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by capillary ...
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In the present study, essential oil composition and antibacterial effects of Ziziphora tenuior in Hesarak (Karaj) and Venarch (Qom) were studied and compared. The aerial parts of plants were collected at full flowering stage and essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. Thirteen and sixteen compounds were identified in essential oils of plants in Hesarak and Venarch respectively. In both regions, the highest content was recorded for pulegone (85 to 87 %) and no significant differences were observed. Limonene in plants of Hesarak (5.1%) were more than that of Venarch(3.64 %). Ethanol extracts of the plants in Hesarak significantly showed an effective controlling and antimicrobial effect against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus compared with plants of Venarch. Concentrations of Mn, Fe and Ni in soil of Venarch (2766.67, 40333, 0.384 ppm respectively) were higher than that of Hesarak (558.33, 28600, 12.25 ppm respectively), however, soluble manganese and iron contents in soil of Hesarak (6.53 and 4 ppm respectively) were higher than that of soil of Venarch (4.6 and 1.9 ppm respectively). Since concentration of Mn, Fe and Ni in aerial parts and roots of the studied plant in Hesarak and Venarch showed significant difference, antibacterial activity of the plants in both regions is also different. According to the results and with regard to the changes in elements concentration of the soil, essential oil composition and antibacterial effects of Ziziphora tenuior are affected by elements content in soil.
M. Naderi Hajibagher kandi; F. Sefidkon; A. Azizi; M.R. Pourheravi
Abstract
Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) is an evergreen shrub widely distributed in the Mediterranean area and Southern Europe. Laurus nobilis is widely found in north of Iran and other places and its cultivation has been common due to evergreen leaves and beautiful appearance. Due to the relationship between ...
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Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) is an evergreen shrub widely distributed in the Mediterranean area and Southern Europe. Laurus nobilis is widely found in north of Iran and other places and its cultivation has been common due to evergreen leaves and beautiful appearance. Due to the relationship between distillation time and oil yield and composition, doing research on optimum distillation time to obtain the best quality and quantity of essential oils with the lowest energy consumption has been always considered by scientists. In this study, the effect of different extraction times including 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 minutes on the essential oils content and composition of Laurus nobilis leaves was investigated. The leaves of laurus nobilis were collected in July 2009 from National Botanical Garden of Iran in Tehran, and dried in shade. The essential oil of leaves was extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The leaf oil yield based on dry weight in 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 minutes were respectively 1.35%, 1.92%, 1.97%, 2%, 2.37%, 2.49%, 2.58% and 2.60%. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in oil yield of 90, 105 and 120 minutes extraction times. According to the results, with a view to quantity, 90 minutes was identified as the best extraction time for essential oil extraction in laurus nobilis. 1, 8-cineole and sabinene were identified as the major components of the leaf oil respectively within 15 minutes and after 45 minutes. α-terpinyl acetate remained constant in all extraction times.
H. Amiri; H. Lari Yazdi; A. Esmaeili; F. Samsamnia; D. Eghbali; Gh. Viskarami; B. Dosti; E. Noormohamadi
Abstract
Scrophularia striata Boiss belongs to Scrophulariaceae family which contains 5 species in the flora of Iran. Its local name in Lorestan province is Teshne Daro. S. striata was collected from northwest mountains of Kuh-dasht in Lorestan province, Iran. The collected plant materials were dried in shade ...
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Scrophularia striata Boiss belongs to Scrophulariaceae family which contains 5 species in the flora of Iran. Its local name in Lorestan province is Teshne Daro. S. striata was collected from northwest mountains of Kuh-dasht in Lorestan province, Iran. The collected plant materials were dried in shade and subjected to hydro distillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The anatomical studies were carried out using distaining method with brown Bismarck and methyl green. GC and GC/MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in the identification of 34 compounds, representing 90.3% of the oil. Major constituents isolated from the essential oil of Scrophularia striata were linalool (18.3%), 6, 10, 14-trimethylpentadecane-2-one (8.4%), dibutyl phthalate (6.9%) and β-damascone (5.9%). The anatomical studies showed that, oil-secreting idioblasts and terpenoides were observed in cortex region.
H. Akrami; S. Moharramipour; S. Imani
Abstract
Cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) is one of the serious post-harvest pests of stored products. The damaged seeds are unsuitable for human or animal consumption and also for farm cultivation. To control this pest in warehouses, usage of essential oils is considered as an appropriate alternative ...
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Cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) is one of the serious post-harvest pests of stored products. The damaged seeds are unsuitable for human or animal consumption and also for farm cultivation. To control this pest in warehouses, usage of essential oils is considered as an appropriate alternative to synthetic pesticides. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate oviposition deterrence and repellency effects of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss & Hohen and Mentha longifolia L. on C. maculatus. These plants were collected from around of Tehran. Essential oils were subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 h. The experiments were done under dark condition in 27 ± 1 ˚C and 65 ± 5 % R.H. Essential oils significantly reduced oviposition of the adults as 500 µl of T. kotschyanus and M. longifolia essential oils (1800 ppm) caused 87.64 and 86.36% oviposition deterrence respectively. Also, essential oils had repellent activity on C. maculatus. At 800 ppm, repellency of M. longifolia and Thymus kotschyanus was recorded 90% and 73.33 % respectively.
Sh. Ne'mati; F. Sefidkon; M.R. Poorherave
Abstract
Thymus species are well known as medicinal plants because of having biological and pharmacological properties. Thymus daenensis is an endemic aromatic medicinal plant to Iran. Essential oil of Thymus daenensis is a rich source of thymol which gives high antimicrobial and antioxidant activity to this ...
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Thymus species are well known as medicinal plants because of having biological and pharmacological properties. Thymus daenensis is an endemic aromatic medicinal plant to Iran. Essential oil of Thymus daenensis is a rich source of thymol which gives high antimicrobial and antioxidant activity to this plant. In this research, the aerial parts of Thymus daenensis were collected at full flowering stage from Alborz Research Station in Karaj. For finding the effect of drying methods on essential oil yield and composition, the plant material were dried in four different conditions (oven 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and shade). After drying the samples, their essential oils were obtained by water distillation in three replications and were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Oil yield and percentage of main components were statistically compared by Duncan's test in SAS software. Oil yields (w/w) of the oven-dried 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and shade-dried samples were 1.42%, 1.12%, 1.24% and 1.29%, respectively. Thymol (75.3%, 75.7%, 72.0% and 67.2%), allo-aromadendrene (5.7%, 5.2%, 5.4% and 3.9%), γ-terpinene (2.9%, 2.8%, 5.9% and 10.2%), p-cymene (4.2%, 4.1%, 5.1% and 5.5%) and carvacrol (2.2%, 4.1%, 1.6% and 2.4%) were identified as the main components in oven-dried 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and shade-dried samples, respectively. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between oil yields of oven-dried 30°C sample with other samples. The highest percentage of thymol was obtained from oven-dried 30°C and 40°C that showed a significant difference with other drying methods.
S. Rahimzadeh; Y. Sohrabi; Gh. Heidari; A.R. Eivazi; T. Hoseini
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers on the yield and quality of Dracocephalum moldavica L. essential oil, a field experiment was conducted at the Western Azarbaijan Agricultural Research Station in 2008. Randomized Complete Block Design was used including 9 treatments and 4 replications. ...
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In order to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers on the yield and quality of Dracocephalum moldavica L. essential oil, a field experiment was conducted at the Western Azarbaijan Agricultural Research Station in 2008. Randomized Complete Block Design was used including 9 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments were nitroxin, biological phosphorus, bio-sulfur, nitroxin + biological phosphorus, biological phosphorus + biosulfur, nitroxin + biosulfur, nitroxin + biological phosphorus + bio-sulfur, chemical origin of nitrogen + phosphorus + potassium and control (no fertilizer treatment). According to the results, the effect of treatments on dry matter yield (leaves), seed and biological yield, percentage and yield of essential oil and thousand seed weight was significant (P<0.01) while it was not significant on harvest index of leaves and harvest index of seed. Means comparison showed that applying chemical fertilizer (NPK) resulted in highest leaves dry matter, seed and biological yield. The highest essential oil content and essential oil yield respectively obtained from nitroxin + biological phosphorus + bio-sulfur and nitroxin biofertilizer. Considering the fact that no significant difference was observed between applying nitroxin and chemical NPK, it can be concluded that applying nitroxin may result in maximum seed and essential oil yield. In all studied traits, application of some biofertilizers was significantly better than control treatment (no fertilizer).
N. Esfahanianfard; F. Sefidkon; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki
Abstract
To investigate variations in the essential oil content and composition, leaves of three Eucalyptus species named E. melliodora, E. kingsmilli and E. dundasii were collected in the middle of four seasons during two years from two warm regions, Dezful and Shushtar in South of Iran. The essential oils were ...
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To investigate variations in the essential oil content and composition, leaves of three Eucalyptus species named E. melliodora, E. kingsmilli and E. dundasii were collected in the middle of four seasons during two years from two warm regions, Dezful and Shushtar in South of Iran. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and the oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The maximum oil yield of E. melliodora was obtained in winter (3.1-3.9%) and spring (2.6-2.7%) from Shushtar samples, and in autumn (1.7-2.0%) from Dezful samples. The highest percentage of 1,8-cineole was found in winter and autumn in both regions. The maximum oil yield of E. kingsmilli was obtained in winter (2.8-3.1%) from Shushtar samples, and in authumn (2.7-3.2%) from Dezful samples. The highest percentage of 1, 8-cineole was found in winter and autumn in Shushtar and autumn, spring and winter in Dezful. The maximum oil yield of E. dundasii was obtained in winter (2.8-4.7%) from Shushtar samples, and in summer (0.9%) from Dezful samples. The highest percentage of 1, 8-cineole was found in spring and autumn in Shudhtar and spring in Dezful. There were also some variations in the amounts of other major and minor components. According to the results and to achieve a suitable quality and quantity of Eucalyptus essential oil, cultivation of E. melliodora in Shushtar and Dezful is recommended. For obtaining the highest oil yield and 1,8-cineole content from the mentioned Eucalyptus species, the best harvesting time for E. melliodora is spring and winter in Shushtar and autumn in Dezful. Cultivation of E. kingsmilli in Dezful is more suitable than that in Shushtar and the best harvesting time is spring and autumn in Shushtar and autumn in Dezful. Cultivation of E. dundasii is also recommended in Shushtar while not in Dezful due to its low yield and quality of essential oil. The best harvesting time for E. dundasii in Shushtar is winter (the highest oil yield) and spring (the highest 1, 8-cineole percentage).
A.R. Yavari; V. Nazeri; F. Sefidkon; M.E. Hassani
Abstract
In order to evaluate sثرثقشم ecological factors and morphological traits and also to determine ploidy levels and chemical composition of essential oil of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak two natural habitats, Bostan-Abad and Yam habitats, were chosen in East Azerbaijan province. To ...
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In order to evaluate sثرثقشم ecological factors and morphological traits and also to determine ploidy levels and chemical composition of essential oil of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak two natural habitats, Bostan-Abad and Yam habitats, were chosen in East Azerbaijan province. To study and evaluate quantitative morphological characters, five complete plants and flowering branches were collected from each locality at flowering stage for essential oil extraction. Seeds also were collected in seed production season to study seed characters and chromosome counting. Ecological data of both localities also were recorded. Vegetative and reproductive traits of each population were studied and essential oil of each locality was analyzed by combination of GC-FID and GC-MS. At least 10 mitotic cells of each population were studied to determine chromosome number and ploidy levels. Results revealed that specimens from “Yam” had the longest flowering stems, the largest leaves and flowers, and also the highest number of flowers per inflorescence. Chromosome count results showed that specimens from Bostan-Abad were hexaploid (2n = 6x = 90) and those of Yam were tetraploid (2n = 4x = 60). The total yield of oils based on dry weight was 1.3% and 2.2% (w/w) from Bostan-Abad and Yam, respectively. Thymol was the main valuable phenolic compound similar to most of the species of genus Thymus (Bostan-Abad: 57.6% and Yam: 44.9%).
H. Amiri; H. Lari Yazdi; B. Dosti; F. Samsamnia
Abstract
Oliveria genus belongs to Umbeliferae family and only has one species, Oliveria decumbens Vent endemic to Iran. On the other hand, essential oils are of secondary materials in plants widely used in the food, hygienic and pharmaceutical industry, and also as antimicrobial compounds. Oliveria decumbens ...
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Oliveria genus belongs to Umbeliferae family and only has one species, Oliveria decumbens Vent endemic to Iran. On the other hand, essential oils are of secondary materials in plants widely used in the food, hygienic and pharmaceutical industry, and also as antimicrobial compounds. Oliveria decumbens was collected from northwest mountains of Kuh-dasht in Lorestan province. Afterward, plant materials were dried in shade and hydro distillated using a Clevenger apparatus. The oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The anatomical studies were carried out using distaining method with Bismark brown and methyl green. GC and GC/MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in identification of 16 compounds representing 96.4% of the total oil. Anatomical studies showed that the surface of leaves was covered by non-glandular hairs while in cross section of the stems, the secretory canals were observed in cortex region.
M. Mirza; F. Ghoraishi; A. Bahadori
Abstract
In this research, the effect of different harvesting stages on essential oils content and composition of Mentha piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L. was studied. The rhizome of Mentha piperita was planted at 5 cm soil depth in the field of "Jangalkar Ferdos Company", 2008. The salvia seeds were received ...
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In this research, the effect of different harvesting stages on essential oils content and composition of Mentha piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L. was studied. The rhizome of Mentha piperita was planted at 5 cm soil depth in the field of "Jangalkar Ferdos Company", 2008. The salvia seeds were received from Isfahan research center. Their seedlings were transplanted on the furrows of the main field. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks and the treatments included early, full and after flowering stages. The experiment included six treatments and three replications in a total of 18 experimental units. After drying the samples in room air condition and removing all woody parts, essential oils of both species were obtained by water-distillation method in three replications and then analyzed by GC & GC/MS. According to the results obtained from analysis of variance, the effect of different harvesting stages on oil yield of Mentha piperita (P<0.05) and Salvia officinalis (P<0.01) was significant. Comparison of treatment means showed that the highest percentage of essential oil (2/8%) was recorded in full flowering stage of M. piperita while S. officinalis had the highest percentage of essential oil in early flowering stage (3%), with a significant difference in comparison to the other stages. Analysis and Identification of essential oils components showed that the major constituents of essential oil in S officinalis were α-thujene (20/8%, 27/1%, 35/9%) camphor (29/2%, 14/6%, 17/2%) and β-thujene (15/1%, 14/6%, 4/1%) in early, full and after flowering stages respectively. The major constituents of essential oils in M.piperita at early, full and after flowering stages were menthol (27/7%, 26/9%, 27/0%), menthon (37/0%, 21/9%, 17/2%), and menthofuran (16/0%, 22/0%, 25/3%).
M.R. Akhgar; M. Moradalizadeh; A. Faghihi-Zarandi; M. Khorasanipour
Abstract
Essential oil from aerial parts of Salvia bazmanica Rech. f. & Esfand, an endemic species to Iran, was extracted using hydro-distillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-one compounds were identified in essential oil of this species through comparing retention indices and mass spectra ...
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Essential oil from aerial parts of Salvia bazmanica Rech. f. & Esfand, an endemic species to Iran, was extracted using hydro-distillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-one compounds were identified in essential oil of this species through comparing retention indices and mass spectra of each compound with that of standard compounds. β-pinene (37.5%), β-phellandrene (15.3%), α-thujene (9.5%) and α-pinene (8.9%) were determined as major constituents in the essential oil. The oil was richer in monoterpenes than in sesquiterpenes.
S. Yousefzadeh; S.A.M. Modarres-Sanavy; F. Sefidkon; A. Asgarzadeh; A. ghalavand
Abstract
Dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) is an annual plant that belongs to the (Labiate or Lamiaceae) family. The essential oil of dragonhead has natural antibacterial and antimicrobial substances and having wide usage in industries like pharmaceutical, dietary and many others. In this research, effects ...
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Dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) is an annual plant that belongs to the (Labiate or Lamiaceae) family. The essential oil of dragonhead has natural antibacterial and antimicrobial substances and having wide usage in industries like pharmaceutical, dietary and many others. In this research, effects of different harvest times on content and composition of essential oil were studied in Research field at Khoy Agricultural Research Center in West Azarbaijan province. Dragonhead seeds from both landrace and modern cultivars were planted simultaneously. The aerial parts of plant were harvested in six stages. After drying the plant materials in shade, their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. According to the results, maximum and minimum essential oils percentage for both landrace and modern cultivars were respectively observed in full flowering (0.53) and yellow-maturity stage (0.07). In addition, there were some differences between oil compositions of these dragonheadaccessions at different harvest times. The major oil components of dragonhead were the geranial, geraniol and geranyl acetate. The highest and the lowest sum total amount of geranial and geraniol were obtained at the early flowering (65.1%) and yellow-maturity (44.9%) for the landrace cultivar. The largest amount of geranyl acetate (50.7%) was gained for the modern cultivar at the early flowering stage while the least one (28.1%) was recorded for landrace cultivar plants 26 days after flowering when 10 to 30 percent of the flowers remained. The results showed that different harvest times had significant effects on essential oil content and composition.
T. Biniyaz; Z. Habibi; M. Yousefi
Abstract
Artemisia genus belongs to Astraceae family with 34 species in Iran which two species, A. melanolepis Boiss. and A. kermanensis Podl, are endemic. In Iran and China this plant is highly noteworthy in traditional medicine. The purpose of this study is to determine the chemical composition in essential ...
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Artemisia genus belongs to Astraceae family with 34 species in Iran which two species, A. melanolepis Boiss. and A. kermanensis Podl, are endemic. In Iran and China this plant is highly noteworthy in traditional medicine. The purpose of this study is to determine the chemical composition in essential oil of Artemisia turcomanica Gand. Leaves after different hours of distillation and also identify essential oil composition of Artemisia turcomanica Gand. stems after four hours distillation. The essential oils of Artemisia turcomanica Gand. leaves were extracted after one, two and three hours of distillation by Clevenger apparatus and were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Generally, thirty-nine volatile components were identified on the basis of mass spectra characteristics, retention indices and 13CNMR spectroscopy. Thirty compounds were identified after one hour distillation from which linalool (21%), 1,8-cineole (19%), camphor (17%) and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (16%) were the major constituents. The results of GC-MS analysis of the essential oil after two hour distillation revealed the presence of twenty-five compounds from which the major constituents were cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (24%), bornyl acetate (15%), linalool (13%) and camphor (9.3%). After three hours, the analysis of the oil showed thirty compounds. The major constituents were cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (12%), selin-11-en-4-α-ol (8.7%), bornyl acetate (8%), cis-jasmone (4%) and camphor (3.6%). Eighteen compounds were identified in the volatiles from the stems of A. turcomanica which were rich in cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (29%), bornyl acetate (18%), camphor (9%) and 1,8-cineole (6.9%). The amount of oxygenated monoterpenes was the highest after one hour distillation (86.7%) which gradually decreased in the other two samples (72.7% and 38.2% respectively). In contrast, the content of sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes increased in the last hour of distillation.
