Biological effects of essential oils and extracts
F. Zafarmand Kashani; D. Khademi Shurmasti
Abstract
The environmental hazards of polymer packaging have increased the tendency to use the biodegradable composites. Due to the use limitations of synthetic antioxidants and antibiotics, the use of alternative natural products has been developed. In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of ...
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The environmental hazards of polymer packaging have increased the tendency to use the biodegradable composites. Due to the use limitations of synthetic antioxidants and antibiotics, the use of alternative natural products has been developed. In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss. and Cuminum cyminum L. alcoholic extracts in the bioactive coatings on the shelf life of chicken meat were evaluated and compared with propyl gallate. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five experimental treatments including the uncoated chicken fillets (control), fillets coated with 8% sodium caseinate, sodium caseinate-based coated enriched with thyme extract (1.5%), cumin extract (1.5%), and propyl gallate (100 ppm) and three replications for 10 days at refrigerator temperature. The results showed that the use of sodium caseinate coating reduced the number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria, thiobarbituric acid index, peroxide value, and total volatile nitrogen compounds of the fillets during storage. The use of plant extracts and propyl gallate increased the antioxidant and antimicrobial efficiency of the bioactive coatings. At the end of storage period, the fillets coated with sodium caseinate- cumin extract showed the lowest amount of aerobic mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria and the total volatile nitrogen compounds (p < /em><0.05) and the fillets coated with sodium caseinate- thyme extract showed the lowest thiobarbituric acid index and peroxide value (p < /em><0.05) with no statistically significant difference with the bioactive coatings containing propyl gallate. Therefore, the bioactive coating of sodium caseinate containing cumin and thyme extracts can be used to increase the shelf life of chicken fillets at the refrigerator storage for at least 10 days.
M. Najafpour Navaei; A. Shariat
Abstract
Zataria multiflora Boiss. is one of the valuable and endangered medicinal plants used in food and medicine industries. A study was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in four habitats of Isfahan, Fars, Yazd and Hormozgan provinces to investigate some of the mineral elements ...
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Zataria multiflora Boiss. is one of the valuable and endangered medicinal plants used in food and medicine industries. A study was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in four habitats of Isfahan, Fars, Yazd and Hormozgan provinces to investigate some of the mineral elements of Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Shirazian thyme) and also for comparing the accumulation of heavy metals in some natural habitats of the country. The mineral elements of this medicinal plant including micronutrients and a number of essential and high-consumption elements such as iron, zinc, manganese, copper, magnesium, sodium, calcium, potassium and a number of metals such as chromium, cobalt, silicon, lead, arsenic, nickel, cadmium, vanadium, totally 17 elements, were measured by using an inductively coupled plasma measuring apparatus (ICP-OES). The results of analysis of variance showed a significant difference among habitats for all elements except arsenic, cadmium and mercury (P <0.01). The three mentioned metals were not detected by the ICP apparatus and were, therefore, considered negligible. The results of this research also showed that the habitat affected the qualitative attributes of the study species. The plants grown in Yazd had the maximum amount of sodium, magnesium, iron and the minimum amount of calcium and cobalt, while the plants grown in Isfahan had maximum amount of zinc, manganese, copper, potassium and minimum amount of sodium and magnesium, indicating the significant effect of habitat on the qualitative attributes on this medicinal plant. Comparison of the amount of heavy elements accumulated in collected plants with permissible limit, reported by the World Health Organization, indicated that these elements were not toxic. This research was aimed to study the possibility of introducing ionomic indicators for identification of Zataria multiflora Boiss. populations as well as comparison of product health among different habitats.
M. Kashiri; Y. Maghsoudlou; M. Khomeiri
Abstract
Antimicrobial active packaging is a novel technology that controls the growth of microorganisms in perishable food products with releasing of active components. In this work, the chemical composition of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (ZEO) was analyzed by GC/MS. The main components of the essential ...
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Antimicrobial active packaging is a novel technology that controls the growth of microorganisms in perishable food products with releasing of active components. In this work, the chemical composition of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (ZEO) was analyzed by GC/MS. The main components of the essential were carvacrol (37.22%), thymol (28.44). Active bio composite of zein films, containing 10% essential oils of thyme, were developed. Kinetics release of the active compound is strongly related to food models. The kinetics and extent of carvacrol and thymol mass transport within the packaging components were evaluated by using high performance liquid chromatography from bioactive films zein into simulants (10% ethanol and 3% acetic acid) at 4°C and 37°C. The antibacterial activity of active zein films was evaluated. The results of this studied indicated that the release of the active compound was strongly related to food models. The extent of releasing of carvacrol and thymol after 60 min at 4°C in acid simulant (11.93±1.34 and 1.40±0.06ppm, respectively) was more than that of ethanol simulant (7.60±0.22 and 0.98±0.02ppm, respectively). SEM observations confirmed the influence of food simulants on structure of zein, related to releasing of active components of essential oil into food simulants. The releasing rate of carvacrol and thymol increased with increasing the temperature to 37°C. Active zein film containing 10% ZEO was more stable in ethanol simulant at 4°C. The log reduction value of zein bioactive composite film against Listeria innocua andEscherichia coli were calculated to be 2.75 and 3.07, respectively.
M.H. Abdolmohammadi; A. Dadkhah; M. Babaei
Abstract
Carbon tetra chloride converts to CCL3O by cytochrom P 450 that conjugate with glutathione by GST, leading to GSH depletion and oxidative injuries. Therefore, the compounds with antioxidant activity can prevent oxidative damages induced by CCL4. In this study, the rats were divided into five groups treated ...
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Carbon tetra chloride converts to CCL3O by cytochrom P 450 that conjugate with glutathione by GST, leading to GSH depletion and oxidative injuries. Therefore, the compounds with antioxidant activity can prevent oxidative damages induced by CCL4. In this study, the rats were divided into five groups treated with CCL4, (2ml/kg bw), essential oil (100 and 200 mg/kg bw) and BHT (10mg/kg bw) (ip). In following, the liver and blood were removed after administrations. The activity of GST, reduced glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation (LP) levels were measured in liver homogenate. In addition, total antioxidant activity and the level of hepatic marker (AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin) were measured in plasma of rats. The results showed that CCL4 caused GSH depletion and reduction of GST activity in liver, leading to increased liver LP level and transaminase activities (AST and ALT) in plasma. Treatments of rats with essential oil as same as BHT prevent the changes of these parameters. We can conclude that CCL4 induces hepatic oxidative damages in rats. Treatment of rats with essential oils, probably due to its antioxidant activity, can partly prevent the induction of liver injuries.
N. Ghazalbash; M. Abdollahi
Abstract
Root knot nematodes are one of the most important plant parasitic nematodes damaging many crops, particularly vegetables. According to the experiments conducted in greenhouse conditions, the damage of this nematode was estimated to be 56-49 percent, based on dry weight of stem and root. Increasing use ...
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Root knot nematodes are one of the most important plant parasitic nematodes damaging many crops, particularly vegetables. According to the experiments conducted in greenhouse conditions, the damage of this nematode was estimated to be 56-49 percent, based on dry weight of stem and root. Increasing use of pesticides is of concern to specialists in environmental and nutritional sciences so the use of natural substances to control of pests and plant diseases is a priority. This research was aimed to reduce the pesticide use with application of the aqueous extract of two local medicinal plants, Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss. and Zataria multiflora Boiss., on root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, in tomato plants. A factorial experiment was performed with three factors including medicinal plants, plant parts and percentage of plant extract or powder, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results showed that the best treatments in terms of the factors associated with root-knot nematode, were flower and stem powder of F. angulata at the rate of 0.2%. The treatments of leaf powder of F. angulata at the rate of 0.1% and stem powder of this plant at the rate of 0.2% were the best treatments with best effect on the plant growth factors. In addition to sufficient effect of leaf powder of this plant on the factors associated with nematodes at the rates of 0.1 and 0.2%, growth factors of tomato plants were not affected.
M.H. Yazdi; M.R. Pourmand; M. Bayat; A. Shahinjafari
Abstract
In order to investigate the antimicrobial effects of Iranian herbal essences of Zataria multiflora Boiss., Myrtus communis L. and Eucalyptus officinalis, this research was conducted under CLSI guidelines in vitro situation. Since Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae ...
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In order to investigate the antimicrobial effects of Iranian herbal essences of Zataria multiflora Boiss., Myrtus communis L. and Eucalyptus officinalis, this research was conducted under CLSI guidelines in vitro situation. Since Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae are highly involved in Sinusitis and Bronchitis, the antibacterial effects of the essences were investigated on these species. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method for the essential oils and of determination Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was carried out by serial dilutions. Zataria multiflora was effective against all the tested bacterias e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae (52mm), Moraxella catarrhalis (55mm) and Haemophilus influenzae (40mm) based on disk diffusion method. Furthermore, the highly effective inhibition of Myrtus communis was on Moraxella catarrhalis (50 mm) (MIC≥78.66 µg/ml). This study showed that the herbal essences are very active against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae in vitro situation. This confirms the application of herbal medicines for treating a range of infectious diseases in ancient times.
M.H. Fakoor; A. Allameh; I. Rasooli; M. Mazaheri
Volume 23, Issue 2 , August 2007, , Pages 269-277
Abstract
The antifungal properties of Zataria multiflora Boiss. and Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas essential oils were studied on growth inhibition of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999. Minimal inhibitory (MIC) and fungicidal (MFC) and kinetics of fungal spore death as a result of exposure to the oils were ...
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The antifungal properties of Zataria multiflora Boiss. and Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas essential oils were studied on growth inhibition of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999. Minimal inhibitory (MIC) and fungicidal (MFC) and kinetics of fungal spore death as a result of exposure to the oils were studied. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS and their chemical components were identified. 22 and 19 compounds were identified in Zataria multiflora Boiss. and Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas essential oils respectively. Eight compounds viz; α-thujene, α-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, cis sabinene hydrate and thymol were common in both oils but in different concentrations. The results indicated powerful antifungal properties of both oils inhibiting growth and aflatoxin production that could be applied to food as preservatives.
R. Asadpoor; M.A. Soltanipoor
Abstract
Zataria multiflora is traditionally used for diarrhea, cold, blowing, headache, wound, fever, skin sensitiveness and fat and sugar blood from ancient times. This investigation was carried for knowing some ecological characteristics of Zataria multiflora and using them in abundant cultivation for using ...
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Zataria multiflora is traditionally used for diarrhea, cold, blowing, headache, wound, fever, skin sensitiveness and fat and sugar blood from ancient times. This investigation was carried for knowing some ecological characteristics of Zataria multiflora and using them in abundant cultivation for using in medicinal industries and prevents the plants region from destroying from 1379 for two years. Climatic, Geologic and Geomorphologic characteristics, Land types, Companion plants, Habitat types and Distribution map were provided for all of habitats and in Ahmadi, Badafshan and Tangezagh regions phenologic study were done, and also vegetative parameters measurement and soil analysis. This species was distributed from Northern to the nearest point to Persian Gulf (Abgarme geno) and from the Western point in Chahshanbeh mount in Gavbandy to Bashagard region (Khomeini shahr shang mountain(, in East from 250m to 1850m altitude. Climate of the regions is semi-dry, hot and semi-dry desert. 57.6 percent of habitats of this species are mountainous region and 54.6 percent of it was located on Calcareous structure. This plant grows in sandy-loam with pH=7.9-8.4 and EC=0.58-1.05 mm /cm. There are more than 150 species were determined in all of habitats that Cymbopogon olivieri, Amygdalus scoparia, Pistacia khinjuk, Pistacia atlantica, Teucrium pollium, Amygdalus lycioides and Astragalus fasciculifolius were common in all of them.
