Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
F. Babakhani; J. khorshidi; M.R. Morshedloo
Abstract
Postharvest conditions have a noticeable effect on the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants. Accordingly, in the present study, the effects of different storage durations (0, 2, 4, and 6 months) and packaging types (kraft, polyethylene, polypropylene, and without packaging) ...
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Postharvest conditions have a noticeable effect on the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants. Accordingly, in the present study, the effects of different storage durations (0, 2, 4, and 6 months) and packaging types (kraft, polyethylene, polypropylene, and without packaging) on the quantity and quality of essential oil and phenol and antioxidant activity of methanol extract in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) fruit were evaluated. Essential oils and methanol extracts were prepared using hydrodistillation (Clevenger, for 3 hours) and Soxhlet extraction methods, respectively. Essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. In general, increasing the storage duration reduced the essential oil content of fennel (with the exception of kraft packaging) and the rate of this reduction varied depending on the packaging type. The polyethylene-packed fruitsstored for 2 months and unpacked fruits stored for 6 months had the highest (3.25% v/w) and lowest (1.8% v/w) essential oil content, respectively. The number, type, and amount of essential oil compounds were affected by storage duration and packaging type. The highest (75.8%) and lowest (49.46%) amounts of E-anethole were obtained from the essential oil of unpacked fruits stored for 6 months and unstored fruits, respectively. The amount of phenol and antioxidant activity decreased with increasing storage duration, but the effect of packaging type varied at different storage durations. Overall, based on the essential oil content, phenol, and antioxidant activity, storage of fennel could not be recommended, but based on the type of target compound in the essential oil, different storage durations could be suggested. If the storage of fennel is necessary, the polyethylene and kraft packaging could be recommended based on the total characteristics measured in this research.
K. Jaimand; H. Ahrabi Asli; Z. Behrad
Abstract
This research was aimed to extract and measure the quercetin and kampferol in Foeniculum vulgare Mill. For this purpose, in the end of May 2010, samples were collected from Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, and then various organs (flowers, leaves, stems, and seeds) were extracted with different ...
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This research was aimed to extract and measure the quercetin and kampferol in Foeniculum vulgare Mill. For this purpose, in the end of May 2010, samples were collected from Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, and then various organs (flowers, leaves, stems, and seeds) were extracted with different methods. In the first method, samples were extracted with chloroform solvent by Soxhlet for 72 hours. In the second method, after removing the solvent, methanol was added to the previous sample extracted with chloroform solvent and extraction was repeated. In the third method, depending on the amount of dry matter, different organs of fresh fennel were weighted; then they were grounded with the solvents of methanol and acetic acid (ratio 1:9) by electric mill and were filtered simoltaneously. In the fourth method, new plants, in accordance with dry matter content of each organ, were grounded by electric mill and soaked for a week with the solvents of methanol and acetic acid (ratio 1:9) and then were filtered. Then, all samples were concentrated to 30 ml. A total of 32 samples were obtained and the composition of quercetin and kampferol was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that most of the quercetin in Foeniculum vulgare Mill., obtained in flower (2990ppm), leaves (1223ppm) and seed (1779ppm) was related to the method of extraction with methanol, and in stem (1316ppm) was related to the method of maceration with methanol-acetic acid. Also, the lowest quercetin obtained in flower (17ppm), leaves (15ppm), stem (9ppm), and seed (50ppm) was related to the first method (extraction with chloroform). In the same culture conditions, the highest value of kampferol obtained in flower (912ppm), leave (273ppm), stem (184ppm) and seed (1142ppm), was related to the method of maceration with methanol-acetic acid while the lowest kampferol obtained in flower (209), leave (55), stem (45) and seed (427), was related to the chloroform extraction method.
L. Safaei; D. Afiuni; H. Zeinali
Abstract
To study correlations between essential oil and essential oil components and determining the role of these traits in variation among 12 genotypes of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications at Fozveh Research Station of ...
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To study correlations between essential oil and essential oil components and determining the role of these traits in variation among 12 genotypes of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications at Fozveh Research Station of Esfahan. The studied traits included seed yield, essential oil percentage, oil yield and oil components. Results of analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. Correlation coefficients showed that essential oil yield had a positive significant correlation with essential oil percentage, seed yield, and the percentage of α-pinene, camphene, myrcene, phlandrene, fenchone and camphor. In principal component analysis, the first four components could justify 90% of the total variation. Seed yield, essential oil percentage and yield, and the percentage of α-pinene, camphene, myrcene, phlandrene, fenchone, g-terpinene, E-anetole and camphor had a major role in explaining the first component. In the second component, sabinene, Beta pinene and p-cymene were more important whereas limonene and 1,8-cineole in the third component and methyl cavichol and cis-anethol in the forth component had more importance. Based on the cluster analysis, genotypes of fennel were classified into 4 groups which had noticeable differences, especially for seed yield, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield, and the percentage of α-pinene, fenchone and E-anetole. Consequently, crossing between superior genotypes of different clusters and testing their progeny through breeding and selection programs may result in production of cultivars with desirable essential oil quality.
M.H. Lebaschy; E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi; M. Bakhtiary
Abstract
The extensive waste dry lands of Iran, shows necessity of selection and cultivation of tolerant and suite plants for more production, cover green and erosion inhibition under dry farming system. Effects of plant density on seed yield and yield components of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Had been studied under ...
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The extensive waste dry lands of Iran, shows necessity of selection and cultivation of tolerant and suite plants for more production, cover green and erosion inhibition under dry farming system. Effects of plant density on seed yield and yield components of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Had been studied under Damavand dry farming in 2003-2007. This experiment was conducted under RCBD with using 3 plants densities and 4 replications. The results showed significant differences among the densities treatments in dry matter, seed yield, plant height, seed weight per plant and 1000 kernel weight in the third year. The Fennel yield's of dry matter in the first, second and third year of experiment were 1229, 779 and 2079 kg ha-1 and seed yield reached to 611, 280 and 712 kg ha-1, respectively. Finally Foeniculum vulgare could be considered as a tolerant and adaptable medicinal plant under dry land of Damavand and similar cold regions.
M.B. Rezaee; K. Jaimand; E. Sharifi Asorabadi; M. Maddah; A. Majd
Volume 12, Issue 1 , May 2002, , Pages 1-27
Abstract
Ozone layer depletion has increased ultraviolet-B radiation influence. As this radiation has harmful effects on plants, this research studies the essential oils quality and quantity changes of Fennel all affected by high ultraviolet radiation emanated form a 40-watt lamp in the field conditions in three ...
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Ozone layer depletion has increased ultraviolet-B radiation influence. As this radiation has harmful effects on plants, this research studies the essential oils quality and quantity changes of Fennel all affected by high ultraviolet radiation emanated form a 40-watt lamp in the field conditions in three phases: before flowering, flowering and after the formation of seed. Fennel is one of the precious medicinal plants widely used in pharmacy, purfurm, cometic and hygienic industries as well as food industries. The seeds or fruits of this plant have so much essential oils that medicinal properties of the plant are attributed tothis essential oils. The water and steam distilled (Long & Kaiser) essential oils of seeds, flowers, leaves and stems of Fennel in different vegetative phases was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The amount of essential oils in leaf, stem, flower and seeds has been decreased in the most of phases and essential oils’ components changed under ultraviolet radiations. The amount of Trans-anthole, which is the most important compound of this essential oil, has been decreased in the seed and flower of under treatment plants but this compound has been increased in the stem in spite of less amount of essential oils in this organg, this compound has been decreased in leaf before flowering phase but incraesed in flowering period. The other main compounds, Estragol, Fenchon and Limonene have been increased, in most cases. This results indicates this plants is very sensetive to ultraviolet radiations.
F. Sefidkon
Volume 10, Issue 1 , November 2001, , Pages 85-104
Abstract
The essential oils, water-steam distilled, from Foeniculum vulgare Mill., harvested at 3 ontogenic stages (inflorescence at flowering stage, unripe seed and ripe seed), were evaluated for their chemical composition by GC and GC-MS. Twenty-two compounds were identified and the main constituents were (E)- ...
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The essential oils, water-steam distilled, from Foeniculum vulgare Mill., harvested at 3 ontogenic stages (inflorescence at flowering stage, unripe seed and ripe seed), were evaluated for their chemical composition by GC and GC-MS. Twenty-two compounds were identified and the main constituents were (E)- anethole, limonene, fenchone and methyl chavicol. Higher oil yields were found at the unripe seed stage (5% w/w), but higher (E)- anethole percentage was found in the oil of ripe seed and chemical composition was influenced by the harvesting time.
