Agriculture and horticulture
Farhad Bagheri fard sharabiani; Esmaeil Chamani; Mousa Torabi Giglou; Alireza Ghanbari; Younes Pourbeyrami hir
Abstract
Background and objectives: The beneficial effects of the chamomile plant have been attributed to its essential oil, so any factor that affects the quantity of its essential oil will be of interest to researchers. To investigate the effect of plant growth regulators salicylic ...
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Background and objectives: The beneficial effects of the chamomile plant have been attributed to its essential oil, so any factor that affects the quantity of its essential oil will be of interest to researchers. To investigate the effect of plant growth regulators salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate on the production of secondary metabolites in chamomile plants, this experiment was conducted under the native in vitro conditions of Sharbian City.Methodology: To conduct this research, chamomile seeds were collected from Sharbian (N ʺ52 58 37 and E ʺ06 ʹ11 ˚), East Azerbaijan province. After transfer, the seeds were sterilized for 15 minutes in a detergent. Their surfaces were disinfected with 70% alcohol for 45 seconds and then with sodium hypochlorite for 30 minutes. After surface disinfection, they were washed twice with distilled water. The basic culture medium in this study was the MS culture medium. All cultures were placed in the growth chamber at a temperature of 24±2°C and 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness. A factorial experiment was performed in a complete random design with three replications. Test treatments included salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) at five levels (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 μM). Minguez-Mosquera and Perez-Galvez methods were applied to determine photosynthetic pigment amounts. The amount of phenolic compounds in the plant extract was measured with a slight modification based on the Slinkard and Singleton method with the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The data related to this research were analyzed using SAS V.9.g.1 statistical software. The comparison of treatment averages was done with Duncan's test at 5% and 1%. Graphs were drawn using Microsoft Excel software.Results: The analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of the applied treatments on the traits of stem weight, root weight, stem length, and root length is significant at the 1% probability level. In addition, it is significant on the number of stems at the 5% probability level. The comparison of the averages showed that the highest amount of stem weight was obtained in the interaction effect of (50 µM) SA and (200 µM) MeJA, and the lowest amount of stem weight was obtained in the interaction effect of (400 µM) SA and (400 µM) MeJA treatment. The comparison of the means shows a significant difference in this trait. The highest amount of root weight was obtained in the interaction effect of (100 µM) SA and (100 µM) MeJA, and the lowest amount of root weight was obtained in the interaction of (400 µM) SA and (400 µM) MeJA treatment. Came. A comparison of the averages showed that the highest number of stems was obtained in the interaction of (100 µM) SA and (50 µM) MeJA, and the lowest number of stems was obtained in the interaction of (400 µM) SA and (200 µM) MeJA. The comparison of the means showed the significance of the stem and root length traits. The highest value of these two traits was due to the interaction of (50 µM) SA and (100 µM) MeJA treatments, and the lowest value of stem length was in the combination of (400 µM) SA and (µM) treatments. 400) MeJA and root length were measured from the combination of SA (400 µM) and MeJA (200 µM) treatments. In the biochemical traits, variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of SA levels on the amount of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, phenol, and flavonoid in all three wavelengths was significant at the 1% probability level.Conclusion: In this experiment, it was shown that metabolite production depends not only on enzyme activity but also on stimulant concentration. Increasing the stimulus more than usual not only increases metabolism but also reduces or stops the production of metabolites through the reduction of enzyme activity (probably through the reduction of the corresponding gene expression).
Biotechnology
Hossein Askari; Amineh Zeinali; Mitra Parsa; mona kashanchi; Reza Azadi Gonbad; Aghdas Banaei; Sanam Safaei-Chaeikar; Ehsan Kahneh; Ali Seraji
Abstract
Background and objectives: Elicitors are used more frequently to promote plant growth and secondary metabolites. One of the main challenges for tea producers is the slow growth and poor quality of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) in tea-growing regions of Iran. In many plants, foliar application ...
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Background and objectives: Elicitors are used more frequently to promote plant growth and secondary metabolites. One of the main challenges for tea producers is the slow growth and poor quality of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) in tea-growing regions of Iran. In many plants, foliar application of chitosan or nano-chitosan (NC) enhances secondary metabolite production. It has a positive impact on plants' physiological and biochemical indicators. This study investigated the impact of nano-chitosan on some biochemical and physiological parameters with and without mineral nutrition (NPK), as well as assessing the quality of green leaves by comparing the relative expression levels of three enzymes involved in the flavonoids pathway in the Kashef cv. tea plant in northern Iran.Methodology: For this, two scenarios were used: four different concentrations of nano chitosan solution (0, 25, 50, and 100 mgL-1) were prepared and combined with NPK (1%-1%-0.5%), and without NPK were prepared. At the Lahijan Tea Research Center in Iran, two experiments were conducted as foliar treatments applied twice at two-week intervals, after the first season's harvest in 2021. Twenty days following the initial foliar treatment, plant sampling was conducted to examine physiological, biochemical, metabolic, and molecular characteristics. The first and second leaves, as well as the buds, were gathered for metabolic and molecular testing. The third and fourth leaves were collected for physiological and biochemical analyses. Chlorophyll content and relative water content were measured in physiological experiments. Protein content and the antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD, and PPO were investigated biochemically. Additionally, metabolic properties were determined using the folin-sio-catheo method as well as HPLC to determine catechins, epigallocatechins, and gallocatechins. Molecular analysis was also performed by examining the relative expression of three critical enzymes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, F3H, DFR, and LAR.Results: The results showed that utilizing NC along with NPK significantly increased the content of total polyphenols in tea compared to the control (without NC and NPK). All treatments reduced catechin content 4- to 6-fold. With an increase in NC concentration, epigallocatechin content increased. Gallocatechin content also revealed a slight increase in 100 mg.L-1 NC concentration. Chlorophyll content indicated a significant difference with a falling trend in treatments with low concentrations of NC; however, a significant difference with a growing trend was seen in treatments with 100 mgL-1 of nano chitosan. In comparison to the control, various NC treatments had similar protein content. Except for the 50 mg.L-1 NC+NPK treatment, there was an apparent significant difference in the SOD enzyme activity in each NC treatment, with a positive trend. With increasing NC concentrations, CAT enzyme activity also rose in various treatments. In treatments with insignificant NC concentrations, PPO enzyme activity significantly decreased. In different treatments, leaf water content rose. Only at a dose of 100 mg.L-1 NC+NPK did the relative expression of the F3H enzyme rise nearly three times compared to the control; in contrast, other treatments had no meaningful effect on relative expression. Different NC+NPK treatments raised DFR relative expression, and 100 mg.L-1 NC demonstrated the highest expression (4 times). Compared to the control, LAR relative expression increased at 0, 50, and 100 mg.L-1 NC and NPK. The treatment without NC and with NPK displayed the highest level of LAR expression, with an expression almost 2.5 times higher than the control.Conclusion: In Kashef cultivar tea plants, chitosan nanoparticles in various concentrations coupled with NPK increased the production of catechin compounds. This effectively reduced oxidative stress and enhanced green tea leaf quality. In addition to addressing oxidative stress, NC may play a practical role in green tea quality. Due to its biodegradable properties, nano chitosan can be used instead of chemicals to improve tea plants' green leaves quality and lower environmental pollution.
Improvement and breeding
Mostafa Sarani Mallak; Maryam Allahdou; Leila Mehravaran; Halimeh Piri
Abstract
Background and objectives: Drought stress is the most critical factor limiting agricultural and medicinal plants' performance in arid and semi-arid areas. Silybum Marianum L. is a medicinal plant with antioxidant properties. In addition to the plant's genetic nature, flavonolignan ...
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Background and objectives: Drought stress is the most critical factor limiting agricultural and medicinal plants' performance in arid and semi-arid areas. Silybum Marianum L. is a medicinal plant with antioxidant properties. In addition to the plant's genetic nature, flavonolignan production and accumulation are affected by various environmental conditions. The accumulation of secondary metabolites under drought stress was studied concerning the antioxidant defense system at the biochemical level. The purpose is to evaluate the secondary metabolites of milk thistle under non-stress conditions and different levels of drought stress and different growth conditions, as well as to identify the best level of moisture stress and the time of harvesting the plant to increase the effective compounds.Methodology: Milk thistle seeds were disinfected and transferred to a Petri dish containing filter paper and placed in a germinator at 25°C for germination. The germinated seeds were transferred to the pots and put under controlled temperature and humidity in the greenhouse of Hirmand city, Shandel village, located 25 km from Zabul city, Sistan, and Baluchistan province. Evaluation of the effect of drought stress at four different levels of irrigation (25, 50, 75, and 100% of water requirement respectively severe stress, moderate stress, mild stress, and non-stress) and in 3 growth stages (6, 13 and 20 weeks after planting) on biochemical traits including proline content (PC), carbohydrates content (CC), total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity and activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CA), ascorbate peroxidase (AP), guaiacol peroxidase (GP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PO) was carried out. The experiment was done as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Data and errors were examined for normality. After confirming the normality of the data and errors, analysis of the variance of the traits and comparing the mean of the traits (LSR) was done at the 5% level.Results: The variance analysis of traits showed that the effect of different levels of irrigation, harvest time, and their interaction on all traits was significant. Comparison of the average interaction effect of irrigation treatment and harvest time of traits: proline content, carbohydrates content, phenol and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity increased in all growth stages and the lowest and highest values were respectively observed in the growth stage 6 weeks after planting in 100 Percentage of water requirement and growth stage 20 weeks after harvesting in the condition of 25% water requirement. Therefore, the drought stress factor can be used to improve the effective substances of this plant. In addition, the final growth stage is the most appropriate time to harvest this plant due to the accumulation of secondary metabolites at this stage. The interaction effect of irrigation treatment and harvest time was not significant for the activity of guaiacol peroxidase enzyme, and for other antioxidant enzymes it showed that the highest activity of catalase enzyme was at the growth stage 6 weeks after planting in conditions of 25 and 50% water requirement, for ascorbate peroxidase enzyme, it belonged to the growth stage 6 weeks after planting in the condition of 100% water requirement, and for polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes, it belonged to the growth stage 20 weeks after planting in the condition of 25% water requirement. These results indicate that antioxidant enzymes act differently at different growth stages and under various moisture stress conditions.Conclusion: The evaluation results of milk thistle in 4 irrigation regimes and three growth stages showed that most biochemical traits increased under stress conditions. This indicates that the milk thistle plant responds to drought stress through an enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system. Milk thistle plants had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content at the final development stage (20 weeks after planting). Therefore, the best time to harvest is at the final stage of development, which has the most polyphenolic compounds.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
A. Talafi; F. Abdolahi; A. Yavari
Abstract
Mangifera indica L. belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. The various organs of this plant, especially the leaves, contain valuable flavonoid compounds that are used in the treatment of diabetes. In the present study, to evaluate the amounts of rutin and quercetin in the leaves of different M. indica ...
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Mangifera indica L. belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. The various organs of this plant, especially the leaves, contain valuable flavonoid compounds that are used in the treatment of diabetes. In the present study, to evaluate the amounts of rutin and quercetin in the leaves of different M. indica genotypes in the habitats of southern Iran, four major habitats including Manoojan and Roodan from Kerman province, Minab from Hormozgan province, and Bushehr port from Bushehr province were selected. From each habitat, 10 mature and healthy trees were selected and from each tree, three groups of leaf samples were taken from a height of two meters. Extraction of dried mango leaves was performed by methanol-acetic acid solvent and injected into HPLC for analysis. The amounts of rutin and quercetin in 40 samples of M. indica extracts were determined. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design using SPSS statistical software and cluster analysis was performed by Ward method to group the populations and genotypes. There was a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) between the four M. indica populations in terms of both rutin and quercetin. The highest levels of rutin and quercetin were obtained in Manoujan (124.03 ppm) and Bushehr (6.05 ppm) populations, respectively. Cluster analysis divided the four populations into three independent groups: populations Rudan and Minab in group 1, Bushehr in group 2, and Manoujan in group 3. Evaluation of phytochemical diversity can provide valuable information in the management of M. indica germplasm and be useful in identifying suitable populations for different breeding purposes in this species.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
P. Hanachi; A. Aghababaie; M. Noroozi
Abstract
The production of secondary metabolites varies under the different environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pH and temperature on the content of antioxidant compounds in a species of microscopic algae. First, the microalgal strain Monoraphidium sp. was cultured ...
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The production of secondary metabolites varies under the different environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pH and temperature on the content of antioxidant compounds in a species of microscopic algae. First, the microalgal strain Monoraphidium sp. was cultured under the different temperature and pH treatments. The biochemical assays were then performed on the compounds such as photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, and total flavonoids. The total antioxidant activity was evaluated by FRAP and DPPH methods. The results of this study showed that the microalgae Monoraphidium sp. had the maximum growth and high content of antioxidant compounds at the acidic pH and temperature 28°C. The results indicated that the optimal conditions can be achieved for the high production of antioxidant compounds in microalgae by changing the environmental factors, which can be used in the pharmaceutical, medical, and production of nutritional supplements industries.
Agriculture and horticulture
S.F. Hosseini; J. Hamzei
Abstract
To investigate the effects of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and its residuals on agromorphological traits, yield, and qualitative characteristics of dragonhead (Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss.) under intercropping conditions, and finally to evaluate the usefulness of intercropping compared to the monoculture ...
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To investigate the effects of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and its residuals on agromorphological traits, yield, and qualitative characteristics of dragonhead (Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss.) under intercropping conditions, and finally to evaluate the usefulness of intercropping compared to the monoculture of dragonhead, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the research farm of Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamedan during growing seasons of 2018 and 2019. Experimental treatments included the additive intercropping of 0, 20 and 40% bean with dragonhead. The bean residuals were remained at the farm in the first year to determine its effects on quantitative and qualitative yield of dragonhead in the second year. Based on the results, the intercropping improved the agromorphological traits and yield of dragonhead compared to the control (dragonhead monoculture). The results showed that in the intercropping of 20% bean, the percentage and yield of essential oil, the phenol content, and the antioxidant percentage of dragonhead were higher than the control treatment, but flavonoids content was higher in the control. The results in the study of effects of bean residuals on the quantitative and qualitative traits of dragonhead in the second year showed that the meet of dragonhead needs in terms of nutrients like nitrogen increased its quantitative and qualitative yield compared to the control treatment. The relative yield of dragonhead was higher than bean, which indicated the profitability of dragonhead from intercropping with bean. In fact, the indices of land equivalent ratio (LER), competitive ratio (CR), and aggressivity (AG) showed the usefulness of dragonhead intercropping. Overall, the additive intercropping of 20% bean with dragonhead was identified as the superior treatment and can be used by farmers for organic production of dragonhead.
A. Khakpoor; M. Zolfaghari; K. Sorkheh
Abstract
Medicinal plant licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) has been used by the pharmaceutical industries for its important secondary metabolites. This study was carried out to determine the best harvest time for obtaining the highest content of extract, glycyrrhizin, total phenols, total flavonoids, and phenolic ...
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Medicinal plant licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) has been used by the pharmaceutical industries for its important secondary metabolites. This study was carried out to determine the best harvest time for obtaining the highest content of extract, glycyrrhizin, total phenols, total flavonoids, and phenolic compounds of licorice rhizome of the Behbahan area in Khuzestan province in two seasons of autumn and spring. The results of this study showed that the extract content of rhizomes and also glycyrrhizin, total phenols, and flavonoids content in autumn were higher than those in spring. The results of the independent T-test for glycyrrhizin, as an important and valuable secondary metabolite of licorice, showed a significant difference between autumn and spring seasons. Among the phenolic compounds studied, the highest amount was given to ferulic and coumaric acids in autumn, and the lowest one to caffeic acid in spring. Considering the importance of these secondary metabolites in the pharmaceutical, health and food industries, as well as the widespread use of phenolics, glycyrrhizin, and flavonoids of licorice in herbal drugs, it is necessary to determine the best time for the highest production and accumulation of these metabolites in the licorice rhizomes to take an effective step to enrich the industries mentioned.
M. Salmalian; A. Ghasemnejad; K. Mashayekhi
Abstract
Using stimulants is an efficient way to increase the production of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants under in vivo and in vitro conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of NaCl (0 and 50 mM), salicylic acid, and methyl jasmonate (each in 0 and 100 μM) in solid and liquid ...
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Using stimulants is an efficient way to increase the production of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants under in vivo and in vitro conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of NaCl (0 and 50 mM), salicylic acid, and methyl jasmonate (each in 0 and 100 μM) in solid and liquid culture media on the biochemical properties and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity of stevia callus under in vitro conditions. This study was conducted in a completely randomized design with a two-factor factorial arrangement in four replications. The stimuli used, culture medium and their interactions had a significant effect on the measured traits. The highest amount of phenol and flavonoid production was observed in salicylic acid 100 + salinity 50 and salinity 50 treatments in solid culture medium. Treatments including salinity 50, salicylic acid 100 + salinity 50 and methyl jasmonate 100 + salinity 50 in the solid medium increased PAL enzyme activity compared to other treatments. PAL enzyme, phenol and flavonoid were positively correlated each other. The 50 mM salinity treatment also increased proline amino acid content. Therefore, in order to improve the production of secondary compounds such as phenol, flavonoids and also PAL enzyme activity in stevia, a combination of salicylic acid (100 μM) and salinity (50 mM) is recommended under solid culture medium conditions.
F. Salimi; M. Fattahi; J. Hamzei
Abstract
In this research, the effect of time (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min) and temperature (35, 45, 55, 65 and 75 oC) of ultrasonic waves, ethanol to water ratio (20, 35, 50, 65 and 80%) of extracting solvent and dry matter to solvent ratio (1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 and 1:25 mg/ml) was investigated on total phenol ...
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In this research, the effect of time (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min) and temperature (35, 45, 55, 65 and 75 oC) of ultrasonic waves, ethanol to water ratio (20, 35, 50, 65 and 80%) of extracting solvent and dry matter to solvent ratio (1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 and 1:25 mg/ml) was investigated on total phenol and flavonoids and antioxidant capacity (in two methods of DPPH and FRAP) of hydroalcoholic extract of celery (Apium graveolens L.) aerial parts by using the response surface method. Based on the results, ultrasound for 10 min at 55 °C, ethanol to water ratio of 80%, and dry matter to solvent ratio of 1:5 were considered as the best treatment. The highest amount of total phenol (471.1 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid (187.7 mg quercetin/gDW) content, and antioxidant activity of the extract was obtained under optimized conditions using DPPH (68.5%) and FRAP (4210.4 μM Fe+2/50 μl extract). In general, the high values of adjusted R2 and P-value in fitting models indicated that the drawn models of response surface were ideal. In other words, the high amounts of these parameters indicate the existence of a correlation between the observed values and the predicted ones.
Sh. Mashayekhi; A. Abdali Mshhadi; A. Bakhshandeh; A. Lotfi Jalal-Abadi; S.M. Seyyednejad
Abstract
Foliar spray of chemical and organic compounds can affect the quantitative and qualitative yield of important medicinal plants such as German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). In order to investigate the effect of salicylic (control, 200, 400 and 600 μM) and humic (control, 200, 400 and 600 mg ...
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Foliar spray of chemical and organic compounds can affect the quantitative and qualitative yield of important medicinal plants such as German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). In order to investigate the effect of salicylic (control, 200, 400 and 600 μM) and humic (control, 200, 400 and 600 mg l-1) acids foliar spray on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of German chamomile, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2015. The results showed that the highest number of flowers per plant was observed in 600 μM salicylic (91) and 600 mg l-1 humic (96) acids treatments. The highest fresh flower yield (1014 g m-2) was obtained from salicylic acid (400 μM) × humic acid (600 mg l-1), which was 115% higher than that of the control treatment. The use of salicylic and humic acids had a great influence on the total antioxidant capacity and the content of flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids. The highest percentage of chamazulene (6.1%) was obtained from salicylic acid (400 μM) × humic acid (600 mg l-1) treatment, and the lowest one (4.1%) from the control treatment. In total, the best results were obtained from simultaneous application of salicylic (400 μM) and humic (600 mg l-1) acids.
F. Nosrati; B. Fakheri; M. Solouki; N. Mahdi Nezhad; M. Valizadeh
Abstract
Sarcocolla(Astragalus fasciculifolius Boiss.), belonging to Fabaceae family, is a medicinal plant distributed in the south of Sistan and Baluchestan province. Due to presence of compounds like saponins, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, it has an effective role in treating heart disease and cancer and ...
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Sarcocolla(Astragalus fasciculifolius Boiss.), belonging to Fabaceae family, is a medicinal plant distributed in the south of Sistan and Baluchestan province. Due to presence of compounds like saponins, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, it has an effective role in treating heart disease and cancer and eliminating chemotherapy and improving immunity. In this study, plant samples including eight A. fasciculifolius were collected from different habits in the province, and some phytochemical properties of root, leaves (total phenol, total flavonoid, and polysaccharide) and of flowers (total phenol, total flavonoid, and anthocyanin) were analyzed in the plant flower. The results of variance analysis showed a significant difference among different habitats (α>0.01). Phytochemical studies revealed significant amounts of phenolic compounds in the leaf with the highest rate recorded in Poshtkooh (14.62-32.55 mg GAE/g). In the root, the highest value was in Anjirok (20.39-53.84 mg GAE/g) and in the flower, the highest value was in BAirk (5.11-15.82 mg GAE/g), representing flavonoid compounds in the leaf in which the highest value was in Nahook (8.76-12.72 mg QE/g). Also, in root, the highest value was in Panjangosht (10 fingers) (0.25-1.03 mg QE/g). In the flower, the highest value was in Nahook (6.35-9.28 mg QE/g). In the polysaccharide compounds of the leaf, the highest value was in Anjirok (60.89-93.29 mg/g). In root, the highest values were in Pangangosht (94.33-209.38 mg/g) and anthocyanin of flower had the highest values in Pangangosht (36.34-77.58 mg/g). The results of this study represent the ability of different habitats of the province in producing valuable herbal compounds. Besides, because of its high levels of phenolic and polysaccharide compounds, this plant has a remarkable capability to be used in food and pharmaceutical industries.
R. Sheykhi; Gh. Bagherzade; R. Khani
Abstract
Chavil (Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss.), belonging to the apiaceae family, consists of 35 species in the world. While seven species exist in Iran, three species including Ferulago phialocarpa, Ferulago contracta Boiss., and Ferulago angulata are native to Khuzestan province. The present research ...
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Chavil (Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss.), belonging to the apiaceae family, consists of 35 species in the world. While seven species exist in Iran, three species including Ferulago phialocarpa, Ferulago contracta Boiss., and Ferulago angulata are native to Khuzestan province. The present research was conducted to determine the composition and content of fatty acids, phenolic compounds, flavonoid, tannin and antioxidant in Ferulago angulata native to Izeh region, Khuzestan province. In this research, different organs of the plant were collected in may 2016 and dried under certain conditions. The measurement of compounds in the seeds was performed. The content of phenol and total flavonoid in the methanol, ethanol, and water extracts was measured with spectrophotometric method and the results were expressed as mg of gallic acid per mg of dry matter. The total tannin content of samples was determined using tannic acid as standard spectrophotometrically. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of plant extracts was evaluated by inhibiting free radical 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Oil extraction from seeds was carried out by Soxhlet apparatus using n-hexane as solvent, and the GC-Mass method was used to identify the compounds in the plant oil. According to the results of this research, carried out on the seeds of this plant for the first time, it was determined that oleic acid (63.6%) and linoleic acid (19.7%) had the highest content of fatty acid and the lowest content of fatty acid content was related to myristic acid and heptadecanoic acid (0.1%).
Z. Nasiri; A.R. Farokhzad; M. Fattahi
Abstract
In this study, 19 wild-grown populations of Prangos (P. acaulic, P. ferulacea, P. uloptera andP. asperula) from North-West of Iran were collected and total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, chlorophyll a and b, total carotenoid and essential oil content were evaluated. According to ...
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In this study, 19 wild-grown populations of Prangos (P. acaulic, P. ferulacea, P. uloptera andP. asperula) from North-West of Iran were collected and total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, chlorophyll a and b, total carotenoid and essential oil content were evaluated. According to the results, the highest total phenol content (12.5 mg GAE/g DW) was recorded in the population of Ghoshchi from P. uloptera collected from West Azarbaijan province and the lowest content (4.18 mg GAE/g DW) was observed in Showt population (P. Ferulacea), collected from Showt, West Azarbaijan. The highest (5.51mg/g DW) and lowest (1.2 mg/g DW) amount of total flavonoid content recorded in the population of Baneh from Kurdistan province (P. Ferulacea) and Naghadeh population of West Azarbaijan (P. asperula), respectively. In addition, the highest level of chlorophyll a (0.41 mg/g DW) and b (0.69 mg/g DW) was recorded in the population of Showt3 (P. uloptera), located in West Azarbaijan province, and the highest level of carotenoid (61.36 mg/g DW) was observed in Saqqez population (P. ferulacea) from Kurdistan province. The highest antioxidant activity (77.08 %) was obtained in the Showt population (P. Ferulacea). The highest percentage of essential oil was observed in the population of Maku (P. acaulic) and Showt2 (P. ferulacea) collected from West Azarbaijan province. According to the results of cluster and factor analysis, there were high phytochemical variations in different populations collected from different regions of the North-West of Iran, which can be used in breeding programs of this plant.
M. Faraji; K. Poursakhi
Abstract
Iranian Borage (Echium amoenum Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) is a herbaceous, biennial or perennial herb and an important medicinal plant of the Boraginaceae family. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of biological and organic fertilizers on morphological and phytochemical characteristics of ...
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Iranian Borage (Echium amoenum Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) is a herbaceous, biennial or perennial herb and an important medicinal plant of the Boraginaceae family. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of biological and organic fertilizers on morphological and phytochemical characteristics of Iranian Borage. This study was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replicates. The treatments included vermicompost fertilizer at three levels with the volume ratio of 10, 20 and 30 percent; chicken manure at three levels with the volume ratio of 5, 10 and 20 percent; biosulfur fertilizer at 5, 10 and 15 grams; nitroxin fertilizer at 5, 10 and 15 ml of water for seed; humics fertilizer at three levels of 100, 200 and 300 grams in 5 ml of water for seed, and control pots. Features such as plant height, stem number, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, number of flower, calyx length, corolla length, dry weight and the amount of anthocyanin and flavonoid were measured in three wavelengths of 270, 300 and 330 nm. The results indicated that different levels of biological and organic fertilizers had a significant effect on morphological and phytochemical characters. In general, humics fertilizer (300 grams) was the best treatment for increasing the number of stem and number of flowers, and chicken manure (20 percent) and vermicompost (30 percent) were the best treatments in terms of impact on the anthocyanin level, and humics fertilizer (300 grams) and chicken manure (10 and 20 percent) were the best treatments in terms of impact on the flavonoid level. Due to the damaging effects of chemical fertilizers and the favorable effects observed for biological and organic fertilizers, the use of biological and organic fertilizers is recommended in order to cultivate Iranian Borage.
H. Fatemi; B. Esmaielpour; A.A Soltani-Toolarood; A. Nematolah Zadeh
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the earth crust. Silicon has been shown to ameliorate the adverse effects of heavy metals on plants. This research was aimed to investigate the effects of silicon nano-fertilizer nutrition on growth and physiological characteristics of coriander (Coriandrum ...
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Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the earth crust. Silicon has been shown to ameliorate the adverse effects of heavy metals on plants. This research was aimed to investigate the effects of silicon nano-fertilizer nutrition on growth and physiological characteristics of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) under lead stress. The study was conducted in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University during 2016. Experimental treatments included soil contamination by PbCl2 (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg soil) and foliar spraying with silicon nano-fertilizer (0, 1.5 and 3 mM). Morphological studied traits including plant height, leaf number and area, fresh and dry weight of root and plant, root and stem diameter, physiological parameters such as photosynthetic pigments, electrolyte leakage, relative water contents, proline, carbohydrates, phenol, antioxidants were measured. Results indicated that lead stress reduced the morphological characteristics such as plant height, plant fresh and dry weight, and stem and root diameter, so that the increased content of lead led to decrease of plant dry weight, root weight, root and stem diameter, root length, plant height, leaf area and dry weight up to 57, 50, 20, 41, 15, 42 and 25%, respectively. Foliar spraying with silicon (3mM) led to improve most of morphological traits of coriander. The content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and carbohydrate in leaves was increased with increasing lead concentration in soil. However, silicon foliar spraying improved these traits under lead stress. Proline, phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant capacity were significantly increased with increasing concentration of lead up to 1500mg/kg. In general, it can be concluded that the use of silicon nanoparticles for coriander can reduce the negative effects of lead stress to a satisfactory level.
A. Kheiry; M. Arghavani; M. Khastoo
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of application of organic fertilizers on the yield of medicinal plant, calendula (Calendula officinalis L.). The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and 3 replications in the research farm of Zanjan University. ...
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The present study aimed to investigate the effect of application of organic fertilizers on the yield of medicinal plant, calendula (Calendula officinalis L.). The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and 3 replications in the research farm of Zanjan University. Treatments included cattle manure, poultry manure, and vermicompost, each at three levels (5, 10, and 15 tons per hectare) and control (without fertilizer). The measured traits were the thousand seed weight, number of capitules per plant, leaf area, plant height, petal dry weight, capitule diameter, chlorophyll content index, flavonoids, carotenoids, and essential oil percentage. Data were analyzed by SAS software, and mean comparisons was performed by Duncan's test. The results showed significant effects of fertilizer on thousand seed weight, capitule number per plant, leaf area, carotenoids, and essential oil percentage at p≤0.01, and plant height, petal dry weight, and flavonoid at p≤0.05. The type of fertilizer had no significant effect on capitule diameter and leaf chlorophyll content. Overall, the results showed that using organic fertilizers had favorable impact on yield, growth characteristics, and active ingredients content of Calendula.
M.R. Hasandokht; S. Jafari
Abstract
The present study was aimed to study the effects of storing temperature (0 and 5°C) and packaging type (cellophane and plastic containers with air-gated) on storage life of watercress (Nasturtium officinal L.) leaves during 14 days storing. Changes in ascorbic acid, total phenolics, flavonoids and ...
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The present study was aimed to study the effects of storing temperature (0 and 5°C) and packaging type (cellophane and plastic containers with air-gated) on storage life of watercress (Nasturtium officinal L.) leaves during 14 days storing. Changes in ascorbic acid, total phenolics, flavonoids and sugar content as well as antioxidant capacity were traced in this experiment. Storing resulted in a significant decrease in flavonoid content of watercress leaves and its level decreased from 46.4mg/g of dry weight to 36.2mg/g. Similarly, during 7 and 14 days storing, the ascorbic acid content of leaves significantly decreased from 68.1mg/100g of fresh weight to 63.5 and 55.1mg/100g of fresh weight, respectively. In the case of antioxidant capacity, the effects of storing time and packaging type were significant (p<0.01). During storage, total phenolics were significantly increased from 11.6 mg/g of fresh weight to 13.6 mg/g of fresh weight. In contrast, the effects of storing temperature and type of packaging on phenolic compounds were not significant. The leaves stored in air-gated containers had the higher water content and, in consequence, the better quality than that of those stored in cellophane containers. It can be concluded that the leaves stored in aerated containers and 0°C had the better quality due to the lower respiration.
S. Asadi Sanam; M. Zavareh; H. Pirdashti; F. Sefidkon; Gh.A. Nematzadeh; A. Hashempour
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate the effect of planting date and soil flooding duration on some biochemical characteristics of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) in Sari region. The study was conducted in a RCBD based split plot with three replications in the Research Farm of the ...
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This research was aimed to investigate the effect of planting date and soil flooding duration on some biochemical characteristics of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) in Sari region. The study was conducted in a RCBD based split plot with three replications in the Research Farm of the Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, in 2012. Experimental treatments included three planting dates (June 30, July 30 and August 29) and three soil flooding durations (without flooding as control, three and five-day flooding) which were considered as main and sub-plots, respectively. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total phenols and flavonoids contents, protein oxidation of the leaves, enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), as well as percentage of DPPH free radical inhibition were determined. Results of this experiment showed a significant increment of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in purple coneflower leaf with the highest level in five-day flooding duration and in August 29 planting date. The highest decrease in total protein was found in the same planting data and flooding duration with 90 % decline than control.The highest activity of antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was recorded in the purple coneflowers leaves, cultivated in June 30, and flooded for three days, while the highest activity of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were observed in plants cultivated in July 30. Five-day soil flooding markedly increased the total phenols and flavonoids content just in plants transplanted in June 30. In addition, the highest percentage of DPPH free radical inhibition was measured in plants subjected to continues five-day soil flooding and cultivated in August 29. In conclusion, it seems that the coneflower plant relatively showed a good tolerance to flooding stress.
F. Khatami; F. Ghanati
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that the increase of atmospheric pollutants and depletion of ozone, are the main causes for the increase of ultraviolet radiation on the earth. In the present study, the effects of UV-B and UV-C on of Malva neglecta calli were investigated. Besides mocuza whose wound healing ...
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It has been widely accepted that the increase of atmospheric pollutants and depletion of ozone, are the main causes for the increase of ultraviolet radiation on the earth. In the present study, the effects of UV-B and UV-C on of Malva neglecta calli were investigated. Besides mocuza whose wound healing effects is well known,the plant contains different flavonoides and anthocyanins which are known as good antioxidant and UV protectants as well. Explants from leaves were surface-sterilized and cultured on a modified B5 medium. After 7 days, the calli were emerged and were subcultured every 10 days. After 11 subcultures, the calli were exposed to different doses of UV irradiation as follows: 144, 288, 432, 576, 720, 864, 1296, and 1728 j/m2 for UV-B and 204, 408, 612, 816, 1020, 1284, 1836, and 2448 j/m2 for UV-C. The results showed that the flavonoids and anthocyanins contents (UV absorbing compounds) were increased significantly, compared with the control cells. The levels of apigenin and delphinidin in Malva neglecta cells decreased after exposure to UV-B and UV-C compared to the control calli. Malvidin increased in UV-B and UV-C exposed Malva neglecta cells. In addition, membrane lipid peroxidation increased by longer exposure to UV-C and UV-B, compared to the control cells. The results suggest that the effects of UV-B and UV-C on flavonoids and anthocyanins contents of callus-cultured Malva neglecta cells are not identical and therefore they should be differentially suggested as tools for increase of desigred components.
K. Jaimand; H. Ahrabi Asli; Z. Behrad
Abstract
This research was aimed to extract and measure the quercetin and kampferol in Foeniculum vulgare Mill. For this purpose, in the end of May 2010, samples were collected from Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, and then various organs (flowers, leaves, stems, and seeds) were extracted with different ...
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This research was aimed to extract and measure the quercetin and kampferol in Foeniculum vulgare Mill. For this purpose, in the end of May 2010, samples were collected from Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, and then various organs (flowers, leaves, stems, and seeds) were extracted with different methods. In the first method, samples were extracted with chloroform solvent by Soxhlet for 72 hours. In the second method, after removing the solvent, methanol was added to the previous sample extracted with chloroform solvent and extraction was repeated. In the third method, depending on the amount of dry matter, different organs of fresh fennel were weighted; then they were grounded with the solvents of methanol and acetic acid (ratio 1:9) by electric mill and were filtered simoltaneously. In the fourth method, new plants, in accordance with dry matter content of each organ, were grounded by electric mill and soaked for a week with the solvents of methanol and acetic acid (ratio 1:9) and then were filtered. Then, all samples were concentrated to 30 ml. A total of 32 samples were obtained and the composition of quercetin and kampferol was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that most of the quercetin in Foeniculum vulgare Mill., obtained in flower (2990ppm), leaves (1223ppm) and seed (1779ppm) was related to the method of extraction with methanol, and in stem (1316ppm) was related to the method of maceration with methanol-acetic acid. Also, the lowest quercetin obtained in flower (17ppm), leaves (15ppm), stem (9ppm), and seed (50ppm) was related to the first method (extraction with chloroform). In the same culture conditions, the highest value of kampferol obtained in flower (912ppm), leave (273ppm), stem (184ppm) and seed (1142ppm), was related to the method of maceration with methanol-acetic acid while the lowest kampferol obtained in flower (209), leave (55), stem (45) and seed (427), was related to the chloroform extraction method.
M. Ghorbanli; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki; A. Zakeri
Abstract
Water deficit is one of the most important factors affecting the growth of plants. In this research, Linum usitatissimum L. seeds were sown in plastic pots containing sand, clay and peat (2: 1: 1). When the third leave was appeared, water stress was done at three levels of control, 1/3 field capacity ...
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Water deficit is one of the most important factors affecting the growth of plants. In this research, Linum usitatissimum L. seeds were sown in plastic pots containing sand, clay and peat (2: 1: 1). When the third leave was appeared, water stress was done at three levels of control, 1/3 field capacity and 2/3 field capacity for 10 days in three duplication on the basis completely randomized design. The amount of carotenoid, anthocyanin, flavonoid, phenolic compound and proline was measured to study the effect of drought stress on non-enzymatic defense mechanisms. Data were subjected to analysis of variance by SPSS statistical software and means were compared by Duncan's test at p ≤ 0.05 significance level. It is noteworthy to state that proline accumulation in aerial parts of the Linum was more than that of the root. The results showed that the amount of praline, phenolic compound and anthocyanin significantly increased but the amount of flavonoid in 2/3 FC increased and then slightly decreased however it increased as compared with the control. In the current study, the amount of carotenoid in the leaves of Linum significantly decreased.
K. Jaimand; H. Ahrabi Asli; A. Monfared
Abstract
Flavonoids, are a large class of polyphenols, with more than 4000 combinations. They have a antioxidant role in plant photosynthesis and in human body have such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and profection of the heart. Quercetin is in flavonol group, is used to fight with viruses and ...
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Flavonoids, are a large class of polyphenols, with more than 4000 combinations. They have a antioxidant role in plant photosynthesis and in human body have such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and profection of the heart. Quercetin is in flavonol group, is used to fight with viruses and cancer cells. In this study, extraction and measurement of quercetin were carried out in A. millefolium L., A. biebersteinii Afan. and A. Tenuifolia Lam. species. Samples were collected in early June 2010 from experiment farms, in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran. Various extraction methods were tested using different organs (flowers, leaves and stems) performed. The extraction from stem is reported for the first time. In the first extraction was performed soxhlet apparatus using with chloroform solvent for 72 hours. In the second method the previous sample with chloroform solvent extraction had been performed after separating the solvent, adding methanol extraction surgery was performed again. The third method, depending on the amount of plant matter with solvents methanol and acetic acid (ratio 9:1) by small electric mill and was filtered, in the end a new method with solvents, methanol and acetic acid (ratio 9:1) by electric mill crushed and then soaked for a week and was filtered. Then all samples were concentrated into 30 ml. Totally 36 samples were obtained by the amount quercetin contents in 36 obtained samples were measured combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The highest amount of quercetin (2164 ppm) obtained in flower of A. millefolium. In second method with methanol by soxhlet apparatus were 2064 ppm in leaves, and was 2034 ppm in stem, in fourth method Macerated with methanol related to first method in A. millefolium was lowest 127 ppm amount, in stem of A. biebersteinii was 110 ppm and 23 ppm was btained from A. tenuifolia stem.
A. Shafaghat
Abstract
One of the most important secondary metabolism products found in plants are flavonoids. They have medicinal and biological effects such as: purify blood, strengthen immune system, monitoring cholesterol level, regulate blood pressure, suppress acid secretion, prevent thrombus, suppress cytophy, antibacterial, ...
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One of the most important secondary metabolism products found in plants are flavonoids. They have medicinal and biological effects such as: purify blood, strengthen immune system, monitoring cholesterol level, regulate blood pressure, suppress acid secretion, prevent thrombus, suppress cytophy, antibacterial, prevent cancer, promote metabolism. In this study, the flavonoids and one chalcone from methanolic extract of flowers of Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. (syn. Tanacetum parthenium L.)(Compositae Family) were separated and purified by column chromatography and TLC methods. Kaempferol and naringenin are two flavonoids and trans- 4- ethoxy- 4'- methoxy chalcone as a chalcone compound were extracted, separated and detected by spectroscopy methods (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, Mass and IR). Investigation of antioxidant activity included free radical scavenging activity towards 2, 2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazile (DPPH) radicals. Methanolic extract of flowers of Tanacetum parthenium showed free radical scavenging activity.
Z. habibi; F. Shahriari; M. Yousefi; Y. Kia; A. Basiri
Volume 24, Issue 2 , August 2008, , Pages 135-147
Abstract
The genus of Tanacetum belongs to Compositeae family, distributed in South and Southwestern Europe, Southwestern of Asia and North of Africa. The aerial parts of Tanacetum Canescens (DC.) were collected during the flowering stage from Sanandaj in Kordestan Province. The chloroform extract of T. canescens ...
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The genus of Tanacetum belongs to Compositeae family, distributed in South and Southwestern Europe, Southwestern of Asia and North of Africa. The aerial parts of Tanacetum Canescens (DC.) were collected during the flowering stage from Sanandaj in Kordestan Province. The chloroform extract of T. canescens was investigated and β-stigmasterol and two flavonoids, 5-hydroxy 6,7, 4'- trimethoxy flavone and 5,3'- dihydroxy 6,7, 4'– trimethoxy flavone were isolated. The structure of these natural products was elucidated by using 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
S.F. Afzali; H. Shariatmadari; M.A. Hajabbasi; F. Moatar
Volume 23, Issue 3 , November 2007, , Pages 382-390
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds with strong antioxidant effects. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is used for a variety of herbal remedies, containing classes of biologically active compounds including flavonoids and essential oil. There have also been many reports, showing that flavonol-O-glycosides ...
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Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds with strong antioxidant effects. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is used for a variety of herbal remedies, containing classes of biologically active compounds including flavonoids and essential oil. There have also been many reports, showing that flavonol-O-glycosides are quantitatively the most abundant flavonoids found in chamomile flowers. Tolerance of this plant on saline and drought conditions has not been well studied and documented. Therefore a greenhouse experiment was conducted using complete randomized design with four replications in order to evaluate the effects of salinity and drought stress on flower dry weight and falavonoids component of chamomile. Hydroponic solutions are used for salinity experiment at five levels of NaCl concentrations (0, 40, 80, 120, 190 mM). In order to examine drought stress, we used gravitational method and four treatments (FC soil moisture content, and 75, 90, 95 depletion percent of soil AWC) in a pot experiment. Then the flower dry weight and their flavonol-O-glycosides were measured. The Results showed that both salinity and drought reduced flower dry weight and flavonoids concentration, but drought reduction effects were more than salinity. Flowers dry weight significantly increased with increasing NaCl concentration up to 40 mM while decreased at higher salinity levels. There were no significant differences between salinity treatments up to 80 mM NaCl for flavonol-O-glycosides concentration. Regarding the dry flower yield, the highest content of flavonol-O-glycosides was observed in 40 mM NaCl treatments. Flower dry weight and Flavonol- O- glycosides decreased as drought levels increased.
