Biological effects of essential oils and extracts
Hanieh Mohseni fazel; Karim Nozad namini; Hossein Hoseini; H. Zeinali
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is one of the most widespread weeds in the world, and regarding the amount of damage caused to crops, it is the third dominant dicotyledonous weed in the world. It is recommended to reduce the use of chemical herbicides ...
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Background and Objectives: Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is one of the most widespread weeds in the world, and regarding the amount of damage caused to crops, it is the third dominant dicotyledonous weed in the world. It is recommended to reduce the use of chemical herbicides through the replacement of non-chemical methods in sustainable agricultural management, and the use of plants' allelopathic effects is one of these methods. On the other hand, plants in different growth stages have different allelopathy sensitivity.Methodology: To evaluate the allelopathic effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) on Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) growth stages, an experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the greenhouse of Kashan Barij Essential Company, Iran. Treatments included aqueous and alcoholic extracts of eucalyptus (50, 75, and 100 %), controlled (0.002 concentration of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Ethanol 70%, distilled water), and three growth stages (five-leaf stage, seven-leaf stage, and stem elongation). The studied traits were measured in all three growth stages one week after treatments. To measure traits, ten plants were randomly selected from each pot. The studied traits included leaf length and width, total leaf wet weight, total leaf dry weight, stem wet weight, stem dry weight, stem length, root length, root wet weight, root dry weight, total plant weight, and shoot/root ratio. A ruler was used to determine the length and width of the leaf, the length of the root, and the length of the stem. Analysis of the variance of the data was done by MSTAC software. If the experimental factor was significant, the LSD test was used to compare the means.Results: Leaf width, total leaf fresh weight, total leaf dry weight, stem fresh and dry weight, stem length, root length, root fresh and dry weight, total plant weight, and shoot/root ratio were affected by the growth stage where the extracts were used. The effect of the concentration of aqueous and ethanol extracts of eucalyptus on leaf length and width, total leaf fresh weight, total leaf dry weight, stem fresh weight, stem dry weight, stem length, root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, total dry plant weight, and shoot/root ratio was significant. Spraying at the stem and 5-leaf stages had the highest and lowest leaf width, stem length, and root dry weight, respectively. The extract application at the stem elongation and five-leaf stage had the highest and lowest leaf width, stem length, and root dry weight, respectively. The application of distilled water in the stem elongation phase produced the maximum leaf length (3.06 cm), total fresh and dry weight of plant leaf (1.00 and 0.2764 gr), stem fresh and dry weight (1.35 and 0.393 gr), and total fresh and dry plant weight (2.80 and 0.801 gr), respectively. The application of 75% concentration of eucalyptus ethanol extract at the 5-leaf stage produced the lowest total fresh and dry weight of plant leaf (0.188 and 0.0521 gr), stem fresh and dry weight (0.303 and 0.046 gr) and total fresh and dry plant weight (0.633 and 0.1157 gr), respectively.Conclusion: The aqueous and alcoholic extracts significantly decreased Pigweed growth indices, and its inhibitory effect was not significantly different in most traits with 2-4-D herbicide. The inhibitory effect of alcoholic extract on pigweed growth was greater than aqueous extract. Given that almost all eucalyptus extracts, either alcoholic or aqueous, significantly reduced Pigweed growth, it may be possible to reduce the pressure of this weed on crops by combining and using them as a bio-herbicide.
L. Safaei; H. Zeinali; D. Afiuni
Abstract
In order to study the effect of irrigation water salinity on the quantity and quality of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) oil, and seed production, a field experiment was conducted in a split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included ...
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In order to study the effect of irrigation water salinity on the quantity and quality of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) oil, and seed production, a field experiment was conducted in a split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included fennel genotype at four levels (German P11-820065, European 11486, and two indigenous genotypes including Lorestan and Hamedan) and water salinity at three levels (2 (control), 5, and 8 dS/m). The results showed that the effect of salinity was significant on all traits except α-pinene, myrcene, and essential oil percentage. Genotypes showed no significant difference in anethole, α-phellandrene, γ-terpinene, percentage, and essential oil yield. The interaction of salinity× genotype had a significant effect on all traits. Genotype P11-820065 had the highest essential oil percentage (3.90%) and yield (91.41 kg ha-1), and seed dry yield (2359.7 kg ha-1) between genotypes at control salinity level. With increasing salinity level, the seed and essential oil yield in non-indigenous genotypes decreased by a slope more than that of indigenous genotypes. Moreover, the content of anethole as the most important essential oil component of fennel increased to 5 dS/m salinity and then decreased. Based on the results of this study, under irrigation water salinity conditions, indigenous genotypes had higher economic efficiency due to their higher resistance to salinity stress. Water salinity affected only the content of essential oil components, but had no effect on its composition.
M. Salek; S. Saadatmand; R.A. Khavari-Nejad; H. Zeinali
Abstract
In order to study the mineral elements of Rubia tinctorum L. under salinity conditions, four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 60, 120, 180) kg ha-1 in the form of urea, and four levels of phosphorous fertilizer (0, 60, 120, 180) kg ha-1 in the form of triple super phosphate were used. The study elements ...
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In order to study the mineral elements of Rubia tinctorum L. under salinity conditions, four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 60, 120, 180) kg ha-1 in the form of urea, and four levels of phosphorous fertilizer (0, 60, 120, 180) kg ha-1 in the form of triple super phosphate were used. The study elements were nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, calcium, iron, and zinc. The experiment was conducted in a research farm in Isfahan and was arranged as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results demonstrated that the effects of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers on element concentration were significant. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization could increase the content of N, P, Ca, Fe and Zn and decrease of Na and improved Rubia yield. The interaction between nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers had more positive impacts on yield and nutrient accumulation as compared with simple effects. In the use of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers together, the maximum increase in yield of aerial parts was 0.43 kg m-2 (threefold more than that of the control) and the highest root yield was 0.78 kg m-2 (about twofold more than that of the control). The application of certain levels of fertilizers had notable effects on increasing nutrient concentration and yield under saline conditions. The optimum level of both urea and phosphate fertilizers was generally 180 kg ha-1 and if these levels of fertilizers are used together, it would give more desirable outcome.
B. Ghavami; H. Zeinali; M. Khosrowchahli; S. Davazdahemami
Abstract
Crocus sativus L. is one of the most important medicinal plants and expensive spice in the world. This study was carried out to evaluate morphological traits and picrocrocin composition of 27 genotypes derived from different regions of country. Twenty-seven genotypes were cultivated in a randomized complete ...
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Crocus sativus L. is one of the most important medicinal plants and expensive spice in the world. This study was carried out to evaluate morphological traits and picrocrocin composition of 27 genotypes derived from different regions of country. Twenty-seven genotypes were cultivated in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Shahid Fozveh Station of Esfahan Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Stigma yield, flower fresh weight, number of flower, number of days to appearance of the first flower, plant height at flowering stage, flowering period and picrocrocin content were measured. Variance analysis of data showed significant differences among genotypes for all traits (p<0.01). Based on mean comparison, the highest and the lowest number of days to appearance of the first flower were recorded for Hamedan genotype and Ghaen and Boshroye genotypes, respectively. The variation range of picrocrocin varied from 0.425 to 0.681. Neishaboor and Esfahan genotypes had the highest and the lowest stigma yield, respectively. In addition, the highest number of flower was recorded for Neishaboor genotype. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes in to seven clusters. According to the obtained results, the genotypes classified in the 6th cluster showed appropriate traits of stigma yield, flower fresh weight, number of flower, flowering period, and number of days to appearance of the first flower. Results of this study revealed considerable variation among the genotypes probably because of the variety of ancestors or mutation phenomenon. Our results showed no relationship between agronomic diversity and geographic distribution.
H. Zeinali; H. Hosseini; M.H. Shirzadi
Abstract
Mint (Mentha piperita L.), belonging to Labiatae family, is one of the most important plants, which is used widely in terms of pharmaceutical, food and health. Essential oils and compounds are important components of the plant and are severely affected by agricultural agents. In this study, the effects ...
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Mint (Mentha piperita L.), belonging to Labiatae family, is one of the most important plants, which is used widely in terms of pharmaceutical, food and health. Essential oils and compounds are important components of the plant and are severely affected by agricultural agents. In this study, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and harvesting time on yield and yield components, essential oil and menthol were studied. A split-plot design with three replications was used. The measured traits included leaf length, leaf width, plant height, fresh weight per square meter in the first and second harvest, fresh weight of 100 leaves, essential and oil menthol of the first second harvest, shoot yield and essential oil yield per hectare. Variance analysis results showed that different levels of nitrogen and harvesting time had a significant effect on all traits except for leaf length. The interaction of nitrogen and harvesting time showed a significant difference for all traits except leaf length and width. Mean comparison of traits showed that the plant height, fresh weight per square meter, fresh weight of 100 leaves, essential oil of the first harvest, menthol of the first and second harvest, shoot yield per hectare and essential oil yield increased with increasing of nitrogen intake. Mean comparison of different harvesting times showed that the highest shoot yield and essential oil yield were obtained at budding stage. The interaction between different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and harvesting time also showed that the highest shoot yield per hectare was obtained by the application of 200 kilograms of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare at budding stage. The highest amount of menthol was obtained at consumption level of 300 kg nitrogen fertilizer per hectare and at 50 % flowering. In addition, according to the obtained results, essential oil percentage of the second harvests showed a significant decreasing trend. Overall, results showed that the highest fresh yield per hectare and essential oil were obtained at budding stage and consumption level of 200 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer.
L. Safaei; E Sharifi Ashoorabadi; H. Zeinali; D. Afiuni; M. Mirza
Abstract
In order to study the effects of harvesting stages on essential oil yield and composition of Thymus caramanicus Jalas, an experiment was conducted during 2007-2009 in Fozveh Research Station of Isfahan. collected seeds from natural habitat were cultivated in pots and then seedlings were transplanted ...
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In order to study the effects of harvesting stages on essential oil yield and composition of Thymus caramanicus Jalas, an experiment was conducted during 2007-2009 in Fozveh Research Station of Isfahan. collected seeds from natural habitat were cultivated in pots and then seedlings were transplanted at the main field in a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. Aerial parts of the species were harvested at 4 stages including: beginning of flowering, fifty percent flowering, full flowering and fruit set during two years. The plant materials were dried and their essential oils were obtained by water distillation. Capillary GC and GC/MS analysis were used to determine the volatile profile of essential oil samples. Results showed that harvesting stages had significant effects on thymol and carvacrol content and essential oil percentage. The highest amount of essential oil and thymol percentage were obtained at full flowering stage of the first year (1.56% and 3.59 kg/ha, respectively) and the maximum carvacrol percentage was obtained at fruit set stage of the first year (25.45 kg/ha). Six components consisted the highest amount of essential oil, among them carvacrol was dominant at all 4 harvesting stages. The highest amount of carvacrol was obtained at the beginning of flowering stage (88.45%) in the second year. Thymol was the second dominant component with a maximum percentage of 11.77%, obtained at full flowering stage. The highest content of ρ- cymene, 1,8-cineole and γ-terpinene were obtained at fruit set stage (2.35, 1.21 and 2.15%, respectively) and the highest content of borneol was recorded at full flowering stage (7.52%). Also, a positive correlation was observed between essential oil percentage and amounts of thymol and carvacrol. In conclusion, the best time for harvesting of T. caramanicus to achieve the maximum carvacrol percentage was fruit set stage, while full flowering stage was identified as the best time to achieve the maximum essential oil and thymol percentage.
M. Behdad; N.A. Etemadi; E. Behdad; H. Zeinali
Abstract
Usually, many chemical fungicides are used to control fungal infections. However, some of these fungicides are harmful for human health. The goal of this study was to examine the essential oils of certain medicinal plants to control the fungi and replace the chemical fungicides. One of the most important ...
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Usually, many chemical fungicides are used to control fungal infections. However, some of these fungicides are harmful for human health. The goal of this study was to examine the essential oils of certain medicinal plants to control the fungi and replace the chemical fungicides. One of the most important and widespread fungi that infects strawberries during the post-harvest period is Rhizopus stolonifer. The effects of essential oils of three plant species: Satureja hortensis, Zataria multiflora and Carum copticom on the mycelial growth of Rhizopus stolonifer were tested both in vitro and in vivo on a medium of potato dextrose agar in seven concentrations (100, 200, 300, 500, 1000, 2000 and 10000 ppm). The in vivo experiment contained six groups: three essential oils, one fungicide and two controls. Each treatment consisted of three replicates and each replicate included five strawberries each weighing about 70 grams. Each fruit was disinfected, placed in a suspension of 106 spores per milliliter of Rhizopus stolonifer; and then placed in a suspension of either the essential oil or fungicide (Iprodione + Carbendazim 52.5% WP). The fruits were kept at room temperature (24 ±1°C). Results showed that the critical inhibitory concentration of Rhizopus stolonifer was 300 ppm for Satureja hortensis and Carum copticom and 500 ppm for Zataria multiflora. On the other hand, in vivo experiments showed that the greatest amount of remaining fungus was in the following order: control groups, Carum copticom, Zataria multiflora and Satureja hortensis.
M.S. Salamati; H. Zeinali
Abstract
Cuminum cyminum L. is one of the most important and economic medicinal plants with a considerable distribution in different regions of the country. This study was carried out in order to evaluate genetic variation and relationships among traits in 16 populations of Cuminum cyminum L. under field conditions ...
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Cuminum cyminum L. is one of the most important and economic medicinal plants with a considerable distribution in different regions of the country. This study was carried out in order to evaluate genetic variation and relationships among traits in 16 populations of Cuminum cyminum L. under field conditions using a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Morphological traits including seed yield, biological yield, plant height, plant weight, the number of umbels per plant, the number of umbelet per umbel, the number of seed per umbel and 1000-seed weight were studied. Results of analysis of variance showed significant differences for all studied traits (p< 0.01) except for number of umbelet per umbel. High values of phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were recorded for most of the traits, indicating high variations for the studied traits. Seed yield varied from 0.75 g per plant in accession of Sirjan to 0.99 g in accession of Birjand. According to the results of correlation coefficients, a high and positive significant correlation was recorded between seed yield per plant and seed number per umbel, the number of umbel per plant, biological yield and plant height. Sixteen populations were classified into four groups based upon cluster analysis. Populations of cluster IV had superiority for seed number per umbel, seed yield, biological yield, and number of umbel per plant compared to other clusters. Consequently, crossing between superior genotypes of different clusters and testing their progeny through breeding and selection programs may result in production of cultivars with desirable agronomic characteristics.
Sh. Kaveh; H. Zeinali; L. Safaei; H. Madah Arefi; S. Aflakian
Abstract
Thyme is an important medicinal plant of Iran that in order to have thymol and carvacrol using as antimicrobial, antibacterial and antiflatulence agent. In this study 22 genotypes of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. and Thymus vulgaris L. collected from different regions of Iran and cultivated ...
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Thyme is an important medicinal plant of Iran that in order to have thymol and carvacrol using as antimicrobial, antibacterial and antiflatulence agent. In this study 22 genotypes of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. and Thymus vulgaris L. collected from different regions of Iran and cultivated as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in fozveh station of Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center of Isfahan. Length of flower and buds, spike weight, stem height, leave surface, leave length and width, maximum and minimum cover length, number of flower in spike, spike length, the beginning, 50% and 100% flowering stage, aerial dry and wet yield and essential oil percentage. Thymol and carvacrole percentages were measured with GC and GC/MS. The results showed a genetically variation for all traits in thyme genotypes. The highest production was in Thymus vulgaris with 2200 kg/ha. Thymus kotschyanus from western Azarbayejan had the highest production (1640 kg/ha) among the same population. Essential oil percentage in Thymus kotschyanus was from 0.42 to 2.17% and in Thymus vulgaris from 0.42 to 1.75%. Also Thymol percentage was from 4.63 to 74.52%, and carvacrol from 3 to 78.24% in Thymus kotschyanus and in Thymus vulgaris thymol was from 32.53% to 32.53% and carvacrol from 5.74 to 53.16%. Genotypes were classified into 4 groups. The first group had the highest vegetative period. The second had the maximum amount of Length of buds, spike weight and leave width. Number of spike, thymol percentage and leave width were relatively high in the third group. The forth group had the highest thymol percentage, aerial dry and wet yield and essential oil percentage. Based on the results there was suitable genetically potential for all thyme traits that can use in improvement programs.
L. Safaei; D. Afiuni; H. Zeinali
Abstract
To study correlations between essential oil and essential oil components and determining the role of these traits in variation among 12 genotypes of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications at Fozveh Research Station of ...
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To study correlations between essential oil and essential oil components and determining the role of these traits in variation among 12 genotypes of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications at Fozveh Research Station of Esfahan. The studied traits included seed yield, essential oil percentage, oil yield and oil components. Results of analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. Correlation coefficients showed that essential oil yield had a positive significant correlation with essential oil percentage, seed yield, and the percentage of α-pinene, camphene, myrcene, phlandrene, fenchone and camphor. In principal component analysis, the first four components could justify 90% of the total variation. Seed yield, essential oil percentage and yield, and the percentage of α-pinene, camphene, myrcene, phlandrene, fenchone, g-terpinene, E-anetole and camphor had a major role in explaining the first component. In the second component, sabinene, Beta pinene and p-cymene were more important whereas limonene and 1,8-cineole in the third component and methyl cavichol and cis-anethol in the forth component had more importance. Based on the cluster analysis, genotypes of fennel were classified into 4 groups which had noticeable differences, especially for seed yield, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield, and the percentage of α-pinene, fenchone and E-anetole. Consequently, crossing between superior genotypes of different clusters and testing their progeny through breeding and selection programs may result in production of cultivars with desirable essential oil quality.
M.S. Salamati; H. Zeinali
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate genetic diversity and relationships among morphological traits in 21 genotypes of Nigella sativa L., in a completely randomized design with four replications. Morphological traits included seed yield/plant, biological yield, follicle number, seed number per follicle, ...
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This study was performed to investigate genetic diversity and relationships among morphological traits in 21 genotypes of Nigella sativa L., in a completely randomized design with four replications. Morphological traits included seed yield/plant, biological yield, follicle number, seed number per follicle, 1000- seed weight, number of stem branches, follicle weight, plant height and harvest index. Results of analysis of variance showed significant differences for all studied traits (p < 0.01) except harvest index. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were high for most traits indicating high diversity of the studied traits. Seed yield varied from 63.34 g in genotype of Shiraz to 147.36 g in genotype of Zabol 1. Correlation coefficients among traits showed that seed yield/plant had a significant and positive correlation with biological yield, seed number per follicle, plant height, number of stem branches and harvest index. Results of stepwise regression analysis for seed yield showed that biological yield, seed number per follicle, number of stem branches and harvest index were entered into the model, respectively, and 95 percent of total variation of seed yield was justified. Path analysis showed that biological yield and seed number per follicle had the highest direct effect on seed yield per plant. Factor analysis revealed three factors that justified 94.12 percent of the total variation among studied traits. These factors were respectively named as efficiency factor (seed yield and biological yield), yield component factor (number of stem branches and follicle number per plant) and follicle factor (follicle weight and seed number per follicle). According to the cluster analysis, 21 genotypes were classified into 3 groups and there were significant differences among the groups especially in terms of seed yield, follicle number per plant and seed number per follicle. Consequently, crossing between superior genotypes of different clusters and testing their progeny through breeding and selection programs may result in production of cultivars with desirable agronomic characteristics.
A. Ehsanipour; K. Razmjoo; H. Zeinali
Abstract
This investigation was carried out to study the effect of different nitrogen rates on yield, yield components and essential oil of several fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) populations. The experiment design was split plot with three replications conducted during 2008 at Research Farm of Isfahan University ...
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This investigation was carried out to study the effect of different nitrogen rates on yield, yield components and essential oil of several fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) populations. The experiment design was split plot with three replications conducted during 2008 at Research Farm of Isfahan University of Technology. Nitrogen levels were 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 N kg/ha as the main plot and four populations of fennel (Isfahan, Tehran, Yazd and 11486) located in subplot. Seed yield, essential oil percentage, 1000-seed weight, biomass, harvest index, number of seeds per umbel, number of umbels per plant, seed length, and plant height were measured. Results showed significant differences for seed yield, 1000-seed weight, harvest index, number of seed per umbel, number of umbels per plant, seed length, plant height and percentage of essential oil among fennel populations. Also, seed yield per ha, 1000-seed weight, number of seed per umbel, seed length, number of umbels per plant and percentage of essential oil significantly differed in different nitrogen levels. There was an interaction effect between N rates and populations for 1000-seed weight, harvest index, number of seed per umbel, seed length, number of umbels per plant and plant height. The highest seed yield per hectare among the populations belonged to Isfahan population, obtained on control and 40 and 160 kg/ha nitrogen fertilization. The highest essential oil percentage was obtained on population of 11486 at 40 kg/ha nitrogen fertilization.
S. Aflakian; H. Zeinali; H. Maddah Arefy; Sh. Enteshary; Sh. Kaveh
Abstract
Thymus daenensis Celak. is an aromatic and medicinal species which due to hybridization within species and between species has high morphological diversity. This study was carried out in order to evaluate yield and yield components in 11 ecotypes of Thymus daenensis collected from Isfahan, Markazi and ...
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Thymus daenensis Celak. is an aromatic and medicinal species which due to hybridization within species and between species has high morphological diversity. This study was carried out in order to evaluate yield and yield components in 11 ecotypes of Thymus daenensis collected from Isfahan, Markazi and Lorestan. This experiment was performed in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Isfahan. Spike weight, spike length, number of flowers per spike, shoot height, leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, the largest and smallest diameter of canopy, 1000-grain weight, fresh and dry yield were measured. Analysis of variance showed that there was considerable variation for all studied characters. Results of mean comparisons showed that the highest dry and fresh yield per plant were 114/6 and 386/6 gr for ecotype of Khorramabad 1, respectively. The lowest yield was recorded for ecotype of Khorramabad 2. Maximum spike weight, spike length, number of flowers per spike, the largest diameter of canopy and leaf length was also recorded for ecotype of Khorramabad1. A positive significant correlation was observed between dry yield per plant and the largest diameter of canopy, leaf length, and fresh yield. Correlation between dry yield per plant and leaf width was strongly negative. Factor analysis introduced three factors that justified 79.71% of total variation among characters. Yield was identified as the first factor including dry yield with positive loading factor and leaf width with negative loading factor. Generally, ecotype of Khorramabad 1 was superior to other ecotypes in terms of yield. Canopy diameter, leaf length and leaf width were also determined as the most effective factors on yield per plant.
L. Safaei; E. Sharifi ashoorabadi; H. Zeinali; M. Mirza
Abstract
In order to study the effect of different harvesting stages on aerial yield, essential oil percentage and essential oil components in Thymus daenensis Celak., an experiment was conducted in Esfahan as a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications during 2007- 2009 and the best harvest time ...
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In order to study the effect of different harvesting stages on aerial yield, essential oil percentage and essential oil components in Thymus daenensis Celak., an experiment was conducted in Esfahan as a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications during 2007- 2009 and the best harvest time for maximum aerial yield, essential oil yield and amount of thymol were investigated. Aerial parts of the plants were harvested at four stages including: beginning of flowering, 50% flowering, full flowering and fruit set and were dried in the shade. The results showed that different harvesting stages had significant effects on all evaluated traits. According to the results of mean comparisons, the highest aerial dry weight and essential oil yield occurred at full flowering stage and the highest essential oil percentage was recorded at 50% flowering. Interaction effect of year and different harvesting stages showed that the highest aerial dry weight and essential oil yield (3083 and 68.61 kg/ha respectively) were recorded at full flowering stage in the second year. In both years, the highest amount of essential oil percentage was observed at 50% flowering and the year had no significant effect on this trait. The essential oil was mainly consisted of six components, among them thymol was dominant at four harvesting stages. The highest amount of thymol was obtained from beginning of flowering stage (85.9%) which had significant difference compared to other stages. The second dominant component was carvacrol at fruit set which showed significant difference compared to other stages. The maximum amount of P-cymene, 1,8-cineole and δ-terpinene were recorded at 50% flowering stage (3.4, 1.4 and 1.8% respectively). Borneole was also dominant (2.53%) at fruit set. In conclusion, full flowering stage was identified as the best time for harvesting of T. daenensis to achieve the maximum aerial yield, essential oil and thymol yield.
M. Sarrami; H. Zeinali; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki; S. Esmailkhanian; Z. Bordbar
Abstract
This investigation was carried out on six populations of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. in Isfahan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2009. Karyotype of mitotic cells in metaphase of root apical meristem was studied. The base number of chromosomes for all populations was x = 17 and ...
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This investigation was carried out on six populations of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. in Isfahan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2009. Karyotype of mitotic cells in metaphase of root apical meristem was studied. The base number of chromosomes for all populations was x = 17 and all populations were diploid. Based on Stebbins' two- way table, all populations were located in class 2B indicating the same evolutionary status. Analysis of variance showed significant differences for the length of the smallest chromosome, asymmetric index, and coefficient variation of centromic index (p < 0.01), total chromosome length, sum of small arms, sum of long arms and the largest length of chromosome (p < 0.05). Factor analysis introduced two factors that justified more than 94 percent of total variation. In the first factor, total chromosome length (TL) and sum of long arms (SLa) were identified as the most important factors while asymmetric index (AI) and coefficient variation of centromic index (CVci) in the second factor were highly effective. All populations were classified in four groups by cluster analysis. The least Euclidean distance was between Ahvaz and Sary populations and the highest Euclidean distance was observed between Ahvaz and Amol. Analysis of variance showed significant differences for all traits among groups. Populations of Ahavaz, Sary and Esfahan in the first group were superiour in terms of TL, SSa, SLa, LC and SC compared to other goups. Population of Amol in the second group showed the lowest SC, Cvci, and AI. Maximum CVci and AI were observed in population of Kordestan while TL, SSa, SLa and LC were the least in this population. Population distribution diagram was drawn based on the first and the second component values that would confirm the results of the cluster analysis.
H. Zeinali; S.R. Tabaei Aghdaei; M. Asgarzadeh; A. Kiyanipor; M. Abtahi
Volume 23, Issue 2 , August 2007, , Pages 195-203
Abstract
In order to evaluate the relationship of flower yield per plant and yield components in Rosa damascene Mill., an experiment was conducted in a Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications and with 35 genotypes of Rosa damascena, in Kashan dry land and desert research station. Fourteen characters ...
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In order to evaluate the relationship of flower yield per plant and yield components in Rosa damascene Mill., an experiment was conducted in a Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications and with 35 genotypes of Rosa damascena, in Kashan dry land and desert research station. Fourteen characters of morphological and yielding were measured. Flower yield per plant exhibited a significant positive correlation with fresh weight of flower, flower yield per branch, number of flower per branch and plant height, but with bud length had a significant negative correlation. Result of stepwise regression analysis for flower yield per plant showed that fresh weight per flower and number of flower per plant entered the model, respectively, and justified 90 percent of total variation of flower yield per plant. Factor analysis revealed 5 factors which justified 83.2 percent of the total variation among characters. In the first factor, traits of number of flowers per branch, flower yield per branch, canopy diameter, number of flower per plant, length of receptacle and flowering time had greater loadings and was named flower yielding factor. Path analysis showed that number of flower per plant, fresh weight of flower and flower yield per stem had the highest direct effects on flower yield per plant, therefore, this research suggest the number of flowers per plant, fresh weight per flower and number of flowers per branch can be good selection criteria for improving flower yield per plant in Rosa damascene.
