F. Sefidkon; R. Taebnia; M. Mirza
Abstract
Satureja species are aromatic plants, belonging to Lamiaceae family. The green parts and essential oils of Satureja species are used in medicinal and food industries. Satureja rechingeri Jamzad is an endemic species growing wild in Ilam province. In this research, the seeds of six populations were collected ...
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Satureja species are aromatic plants, belonging to Lamiaceae family. The green parts and essential oils of Satureja species are used in medicinal and food industries. Satureja rechingeri Jamzad is an endemic species growing wild in Ilam province. In this research, the seeds of six populations were collected from natural habitats for domestication of this species and study the essential oil content and composition in cultivated plants. The seeds were cultivated in the research farm of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands in three replications in a complete randomized blocks design. For comparing the yields and constituents of essential oil, the aerial parts of each accession were collected in full flowering stage at three consecutive years. The plant materials were subjected to hydro-distillation after drying in room temperature. The oil yields were calculated and the oil compositions were identified by GC and GC/MS analysis and retention indices. Our results showed an increasing pattern for the oil yields of four populations during three years after cultivation and then it reached to 4.8%-6% in the third year. The major compound in all oils was carvacrol accounted for 80 to 88% in two- and three- year-old plants. According to the obtained results and improved yield of essential oil in cultivated samples compared to the wild ones as well as high levels of carvacrol, the cultivation of S. rechingeri in the same condition could be recommended.
M.T. Ebadi; F. Sefidkon; M. Azizi; N. Ahmadi
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of air velocity and infrared radiation intensity on drying time, essential oil content, and composition of Lemon Verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth), a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was carried out. The two main treatments were as follows: three air velocity ...
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To evaluate the effect of air velocity and infrared radiation intensity on drying time, essential oil content, and composition of Lemon Verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth), a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was carried out. The two main treatments were as follows: three air velocity levels (0.5, 1 & 1.5m/s) and three levels of infrared radiation intensities (0.2, 0.3 & 0.5W/cm2). After drying the samples, their essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation method and compositions of essential oil were identified with capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. Results indicated that the various treatments had significant effects on drying time and essential oil content. With decreasing air velocity and increasing radiation intensity, drying time was reduced. Minimum drying time (35 minutes) was obtained at 0.5 m/s air velocity with the use of 0.5W/cm2 radiation intensity. In contrast, the maximum drying time (65 minutes) was revealed for the sample treated with 1.5 m/s air velocity, which received concomitantly 0.4W/cm2 radiation intensity. Increasing the intensity of infrared radiation in all air velocities had a significant effect on the essential oil content, so that the maximum essential oil content (1.1%) was obtained by application of 1 &1.5 m/s air velocity and the use of 0.5W/cm2 radiation intensity. The survey of essential oil components showed that the highest amount of oxygenated monoterpenes (73.3%), especially citral (61.3%) was measured from samples dried by 0.5 m/s air velocity and 0.2W/cm2 radiation intensity. According to these results, due to the decreased duration of drying time and desired essential oil content and composition, it seems that the use of infrared radiation in conventional dryers could lead to appropriate quality of essential oil.
R. Azimi; F. Sefidkon; A. Monfared
Abstract
The Achillea genus has 19 herbaceous aromatic species in Iran, of which six species are endemic. One of the native species of this genus is Achillea nobilis. In traditional medicine, different parts of Achillea species are used because of antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antihistamine and antioxidant properties. ...
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The Achillea genus has 19 herbaceous aromatic species in Iran, of which six species are endemic. One of the native species of this genus is Achillea nobilis. In traditional medicine, different parts of Achillea species are used because of antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antihistamine and antioxidant properties. In this research, the seeds of Achillea nobilis L. were collected from Hamedan province and cultivated in the field of Alborz Research Station, Karaj, Iran. In order to comparing the essential oil content and composition, flowering shoots and individual plant parts (flower, leaf and stem) were collected in full flowering stage. The plant materials were dried at shade and their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The oils were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The highest oil yield was obtained from flowers (1.32%) and the lowest from stems (0.14%). The oil yield of flowering shoot and leaf was 0.85% and 0.62%, respectively. The main components of flower and leaf oil were cis-chrysanthenol (47.1% and 50.8%) and α-thujone (8.8% and 9.1%), respectively. The essential oil of stem with 19.7% cubenol, 19.2% indipone, 15.4% cis-chrysanthenol and 9.9% intermedol was completely different with leaf and flower oils. The major compounds of flowering shoot's essential oil were cis-chrysanthenol (41.7%), α-thujone (10.2%) and camphor (8.1%). According to these results, the studied sample could be introduced as a new chemotype of Achillea nobilis with higher percentage of cis-chrysanthenol. In addition, since the essential oil composition of flowering shoot is near to leaf and flower oils, the distillation of flowering shoot of this chemotype is recommended for obtaining more essential oil content.
M.S. Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini; F. Sefidkon; P. Salehi Shanjani; Gh.R. Najafi
Abstract
Achillea vermicularis Trin., belonging to Astraceae family, is distributed at North and North-West Iran. It is used for treatment of arthritis infusion of the leaves, gastritis, asthma, and diseases of the liver in traditional medicine. In this study, for the first time, the seeds of A. vermicularis ...
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Achillea vermicularis Trin., belonging to Astraceae family, is distributed at North and North-West Iran. It is used for treatment of arthritis infusion of the leaves, gastritis, asthma, and diseases of the liver in traditional medicine. In this study, for the first time, the seeds of A. vermicularis was collected from West Azarbayjan and cultivated in the field of Alborz research station, Karaj, Iran. In order to comparing the essential oil content and composition, flowering shoots and individual plant parts (flowers, leaves and stems) were collected in full flowering stage. The plant materials were dried at shade and their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The oils were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/Mass). The highest oil yields (w/w of dry weight) were obtained from flowers (0.53%) and leaves (0.52%) and the lowest oil yield was obtained from stems (0.24%). The oil yield of total aerial parts was 0.43%. According to these results, the distillation of all aerial parts is more suitable in comparison with oil extraction from the flowers that is common for other Achillea species, resulting in wasting a lot of essential oils in the leaves and stems. Twenty-nine compounds were identified in the essential oils, of which 1,8-cineol, camphor and piperitone were found in all essential oils in significant quantities. The content of camphor varied from 4.1% in stem oil to 19.2% in flower oil. Minimum and maximum content of 1,8-cineol was found in the stem oil (3.3%) and flower oil (23.3%), respectively. The minimum content of piperitone (4.9%) was obtained in stem oil and aerial parts oil was rich in piperitone (26.4%). There were special differences among the essential oils of plant parts. The presence of special compounds such as heptadecane (31.1%) and hexadecanol (18.6%) and n-henei cosine (4.5%) and n-octadecane only in stem oil (3.1%), germacrene D in aerial parts oil (13.6%), were other differences.
A. Faraji; B. Esmailpoor; F. Sefidkon; B. Abaszadeh; K. Khavazy
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and putrescine as foliar spray on plant yield and growth, essential oil yield and composition of summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.), a field experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD), with three replication. ...
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In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and putrescine as foliar spray on plant yield and growth, essential oil yield and composition of summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.), a field experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD), with three replication. Different concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 1, 2 and 3mM) and putrescine (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2mM) were applied as foliar spray at early stages of shooting, blooming and floweing. Results showed that foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine had significant effect (p<0.01) on some vegetative parameters such as dry weight and yield of total aerial shoots, leaves and inflorescences as well as total chlorophyll concentration. All treatments had a significant effect (p<0.01) onessential oil efficiency, percentage, yield and composition of Satureja hortensis. The highest value of total aerial shoots dry weight (45.63g/p), total aerial shoots yield (5070kg/ha), leaf dry weight (6.39g/p), leaf yield (710kg/ha), inflorescence dry weight (15/65g/p), inflorescence yield (1739kg/ha), and total chlorophyll concentration (1.46mg/l) were observed in 3mM salicylic acid. The essential oil efficiency (2.35kg/ha) and essential oil yield (76.76%) reached a maximum range in 1.5mm putrescine. The concentration of thymol (47.76%) as the main volatile component of summer savory, reached the highest value in 2mM salicylic acid while other components, such as α-pinene, limonene and E-B-ocimene, reached the highest value in 50mg/L putrescine.
M. Mirzaei; N. Ahmadi; F. Sefidkon; A. Shojaeiyan; A. Mazaheri
Abstract
Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is one of economically important species of the Rosaceaefamily for production of rose oil and rose water. High respiration rate of harvested flowers resulting from increasing temperature inside the stacks of flowers causes a reduction in the quantity and quality of ...
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Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is one of economically important species of the Rosaceaefamily for production of rose oil and rose water. High respiration rate of harvested flowers resulting from increasing temperature inside the stacks of flowers causes a reduction in the quantity and quality of essential oil. In order to study the effects of different storage conditions on essential oil yield and composition, we conducted a factorial analysis based on completely randomized design with three replications and factors of storage durations, temperatures, and incubation conditions. In addition, the effects of different duration of distillation process were investigated using a completely randomized design experiment in three replications by considering quality and quantity of extracted essential oils. Identification of chemical compositions of essential oils was performed by GC and GC/MS. The results indicated that the storage of Damask rose petals in water at 4°C, especially for 48 hours, resulted in a good amount of essential oil content as well as compositions compared to the other storage methods and even fresh petals, distillated just after harvesting. Moreover, the essential oil content increased by increasing the duration of distillation, so that a distillation time of 3 hours and 3.5 hours was identified as the best time for the oil extraction process in terms of yield and essential oil compounds.
Y. Imani; R. Razban Haghighi; F. Sefidkon; M. Naderi
Abstract
The current study was aimed to investigate the essential oil of Thymus pubescens Boiss.et Kotschy ex Celak chemotypes in five regions of E-Azerbayjanprovince. Samples were collected at the flowering atage. Hydrodistillation method was used to obtain essential oil. Quantitative and qualitative analysis ...
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The current study was aimed to investigate the essential oil of Thymus pubescens Boiss.et Kotschy ex Celak chemotypes in five regions of E-Azerbayjanprovince. Samples were collected at the flowering atage. Hydrodistillation method was used to obtain essential oil. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was done by GC and GC/MS methods. Twenty six compounds were determined in the essential oil of experimental sites. Cluster analysis, based on these components with WARD method, showed that five areas were divided into three clusters, so that the first cluster was related to the Sahand area chemotype, the second cluster was related to the Mishoo chemotype and the third cluster included common chemotype in Malekan (Egdelou), Kaleibar (Yuzband) and Maraghe (Kordedeh). Our results showed that the highest and lowest amount of essential oil was recorded for the first chemotype (Sahand, 0.31%) and the third chemotype (Egdelou, 1.34%), respectively. According to the Principal Coordinate Analysis the major compounds of essential oils were as follows: in the first chemotype: р-cymene (4.3%), n-nonanal (9.8%), methyl ether thymol (10.6 %), thymol (30.9 %) , thymyl acetate (13.5%); in the second chemotype: p-cymene (4.1%), γ-terpinene (6.2%), carvacrol (82.1%); in thr third chemotype p-cymene (7.2-1.6%), γ-terpinene (6.5-2.2%), thymol (65.6-27.6%), carvacrol (25.4-3.7%).
F. Fakhari; F. Sefidkon; Sh. Mozaffari; M.A. Alizadeh
Abstract
The Anthemis genus, belonging to Asteraceae family, has 23 endemic annual species in Iran, with the flowers and shoots containing essential oil. In this experiment, for the first time, the seeds of Anthemis tinctoria L. were collected from west Azarbayejan, Iran, and cultivated at the field of Alborz ...
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The Anthemis genus, belonging to Asteraceae family, has 23 endemic annual species in Iran, with the flowers and shoots containing essential oil. In this experiment, for the first time, the seeds of Anthemis tinctoria L. were collected from west Azarbayejan, Iran, and cultivated at the field of Alborz Research Station. In order to determine the essential oil composition of cultivated Anthemis tinctoria, random sampling was conducted at full flowering stage from flowering shoot. Flowers, leaves and stems were divided and dried in open air and their essential oil was produced separately by hydro-distillation. To analyze the essential oil composition, GC and GC-MS were used. Results indicated that essential oil percentage in flower, leaf, stem and total shoot was 0.0892, 0.0487, 0.0466 and 0.0792%, respectively. Analysis of leaf essential oil indicated that 32 compounds were detected; five main compounds were camphor (15.8%), α-eudesmol (10.3%), guaiol (9.6%), chrysanthenone (8.4%) and 1,8-cineol (8.0%); contributing to more than 53% of the essential oil composition. Twenty-one compounds were detected in stem essential oil; four main compounds were spathulenol (25.6%), α-eudesmol (14.5%), caryophyllene oxide (11.8%) and β-eudesmol (5.9%). Moreover, 22 compounds were detected in flower essential oil; five main compounds were α-eudesmol (27.5%), β-eudesmol (14.3%), spathulenol (13.3%), 10-epi-g-eudesmol (7.2%), 1,8-cineol (4.2%). The results also indicated that 29 compounds were detected in shoot essential oil; four main compounds were g-eudesmol (39.92%), caronene (9.1%), camphor (6.5%), spathulenol (5.1%) and 1,8-cineol (4.3%). According to the obtained results, the percentage of α-eudesmol as main component of this essential oil varied from 10 to 40% in different plant parts, the lowest in leaf oil and the highest in aerial part oil. The highest amount of β-eudesmol was found in flower and stem oil. The presence of high amount of chrysanthenone and camphor in leaf oil was also remarkable. It can be concluded that by using flowering shoot or total aerial parts of A. tinctoria in full flowering stage, more essential oil yield would be produced. In addition, for special purposes and obtaining some special compounds, special plant parts could be distilled.
S. Asadi Sanam; M. Zavareh; H. Pirdashti; F. Sefidkon; Gh.A. Nematzadeh; A. Hashempour
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate the effect of planting date and soil flooding duration on some biochemical characteristics of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) in Sari region. The study was conducted in a RCBD based split plot with three replications in the Research Farm of the ...
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This research was aimed to investigate the effect of planting date and soil flooding duration on some biochemical characteristics of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) in Sari region. The study was conducted in a RCBD based split plot with three replications in the Research Farm of the Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, in 2012. Experimental treatments included three planting dates (June 30, July 30 and August 29) and three soil flooding durations (without flooding as control, three and five-day flooding) which were considered as main and sub-plots, respectively. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total phenols and flavonoids contents, protein oxidation of the leaves, enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), as well as percentage of DPPH free radical inhibition were determined. Results of this experiment showed a significant increment of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in purple coneflower leaf with the highest level in five-day flooding duration and in August 29 planting date. The highest decrease in total protein was found in the same planting data and flooding duration with 90 % decline than control.The highest activity of antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was recorded in the purple coneflowers leaves, cultivated in June 30, and flooded for three days, while the highest activity of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were observed in plants cultivated in July 30. Five-day soil flooding markedly increased the total phenols and flavonoids content just in plants transplanted in June 30. In addition, the highest percentage of DPPH free radical inhibition was measured in plants subjected to continues five-day soil flooding and cultivated in August 29. In conclusion, it seems that the coneflower plant relatively showed a good tolerance to flooding stress.
S.M. Hossaini; M. Aghaalikhani; F. Sefidkon; A. Ghalavand
Abstract
Regarding to the important role of weed management, soil fertility and organic farming of the medicinal plants, in this research, the effect of different levels of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexux L.) density on growth and yield of sahendi savory (Satureja sahendica Bornm.) was studied in several ...
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Regarding to the important role of weed management, soil fertility and organic farming of the medicinal plants, in this research, the effect of different levels of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexux L.) density on growth and yield of sahendi savory (Satureja sahendica Bornm.) was studied in several fertility regimes including vermicompost with complete and decreased amount of conventional fertilizers. Experiment was carried out using randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement of treatments with three replicates in Esmaeil Abad Station of Agriculture and Natural Resoursec Research Organization of the Qazvin province during 2010-2012. Fertility factors included NPK plus micro nutrients spraying in first and second year (CF), vermicompost (4 t/ha) in first year (V4), vermicompost (2 t/ha)in first year plus liquid vermitea(40 L/ha) in second year (V2T). Redroot pigweed density levels included 0, 6, 12, and 18 plants per square meter (W0, W6, W12 and W18). Results showed that in first year main effect of fertilizer on shoot weight, and main effect of weed interference on essential oil (p<0.05) and shoot weight (p<0.01) were significant. Weed dry weight significantly (p<0.01) was influenced by weed density in both years of the experiment. The highest percentage of savory essential oil was obtained at 2 t/ha vermicompost+vermitea in no weed treatment. Sixteen compounds were identified in the essential oil of savory of which thymol, р-cymene and γ-trepinene were the most important ones. According to the results of the essential oil analysis, treatment of 4 t/ha vermicompost in weed free condition increased thymol production. However, thymol decreased and р-cymene increased in response to the existence of weeds.
E. Karegar Hajiabadi; B. Abbaszadeh; F. Sefidkon; K. Khavazi
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate the effects of biological fertilizers on seedling survival rate of Thymus pubescens Bioss. The study was conducted in the research field of Alborz Research Station in 2011 using a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. ...
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This research was aimed to investigate the effects of biological fertilizers on seedling survival rate of Thymus pubescens Bioss. The study was conducted in the research field of Alborz Research Station in 2011 using a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments included seed inoculation (Glomus intraradices, G. mosseae and without inoculation) and seedling inoculation (Glomus intraradices, G. mosseae and without inoculation). Analysis of variance indicated that seed inoculation significantly affected canopy circle, number of tillers, number of lateral branches, plant height, seedling survival rate, seed colonization rate and shoot yield at p≤0.01 and flowering percentage at p≤0.05. According to the mean comparisons, the highest canopy circle, number of tillers, number of lateral branches, plant height, flowering percentage, seedling survival rate, root colonization rate and shoot yield were obtained for seed inoculation with G. intraradices. In addition, the highest number of tillers, number of lateral branches, plant height, root length, number of lateral roots, root colonization rate, essential oil percentage and shoot yield were obtained for seedling inoculation with G. intraradices. Consequently, in terms of essential oil percentage and shoot yield, better results were recorded for seed inoculation as compared to seedling inoculation.
F. Sefidkon; A. Heydari; M. Kasyani; S.R. Tabayi Aghdayi; M. Naderi
Abstract
The genus Satureja belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Satureja macrantha C. A. Mey. is an aromatic plant growing wild in Zanjan, Kordestan, Hamedan, and Kermanshah provinces. In this research, to domesticate this species and study its essential oil content and composition, the seeds of four accessions ...
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The genus Satureja belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Satureja macrantha C. A. Mey. is an aromatic plant growing wild in Zanjan, Kordestan, Hamedan, and Kermanshah provinces. In this research, to domesticate this species and study its essential oil content and composition, the seeds of four accessions were collected from natural habitats and cultivated in the research farm of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. To compare the essential oil yields and constituents, the aerial parts of each accession were collected in full flowering stage in three consecutive years. After drying in room temperature, the plant materials were subjected to hydro-distillation. The oil yields were calculated and the oil compositions were identified by GC and GC/MS analysis and retention indices. Results showed that the major compounds in all oils were recorded to be thymol, p-cymene and g-terpinene with different percentages. However, carvacrol was also detected in the oils whose value was not considerable. In addition, the oil yields increased gradually with plant growth in all accessions. The quality of oils was also improved with plant aging, except for one accession, so that three- year old plants contained more oil and more phenolic compounds, thymol and carvacrol as compared to one-year old plants. The elimination and appearance of some minor components in the oils with plant aging showed that oil analysis at the first year of cultivation of an aromatic plant did not produce acceptable results. Therefore, to obtain reliable results, the oils should be studied in a few consecutive years.
A.A. Zarea; M.J. Malakouti; H.A. Bahrami; F. Sefidkon; R. Shahhosseini
Abstract
Lippia citriodora H. B. et K. is a valuable medicinal plant whose extract, as its main chemical composition, has active components such as Geranial and Limonene widely used in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and health industries. In medicinal plants, balanced fertilization using chemical and biological ...
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Lippia citriodora H. B. et K. is a valuable medicinal plant whose extract, as its main chemical composition, has active components such as Geranial and Limonene widely used in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and health industries. In medicinal plants, balanced fertilization using chemical and biological inputs has great effect on yield and phytochemicals related to yield production. This study was conducted in the greenhouse of Tarbiat Modares University. In this experiment, seven treatments were performed in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of balanced fertilization and super-absorbent polymer on the chemical components and yield of Lippia citriodora. After planting and harvesting operations and growth performance measurements, essential oil was dehydrated by distilled water method using Clevenger and Sodium sulfate. Using gas chromatography and gas chromatography connected to spectrum, 15 compounds were determined in essential oil, consisting more than 90% of essential oil components. Results showed that there was a significant difference among treatments (p< 0.01). The lowest and highest fresh yield were related to control (6410 kg.ha-1) and balanced fertilization + bio-fertilizer + super-absorbent polymer (15435 kg. ha-1) treatments, respectively. The lowest and highest dry leaf yield were obtained in control (702 kg.ha-1) and balanced fertilization + bio-fertilizer + super-absorbent polymer (1503 kg. ha-1) treatments, respectively. The lowest and highest essential oil content was achieved in control (7.4 kg.ha-1) and balanced fertilization + bio-fertilizer + super-absorbent polymer (20.5 kg.ha-1) treatments, respectively. In terms of overall essential oil components, the minimum and maximum contents of Neral and Geranial were obtained in control and balanced fertilization treatments with 41.2% and 52.27%, respectively.
K. Saeidi; F. Sefidkon; A. Babaei
Abstract
Dog-rose fruit has valuable secondary metabolites such as carotenoids. This research was aimed to determine the carotenoids and lycopene content of dog-rose (Rosa canina L.) fruit in different habitats and awareness of the diversity of these compounds. For this purpose, the fruits were collected from ...
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Dog-rose fruit has valuable secondary metabolites such as carotenoids. This research was aimed to determine the carotenoids and lycopene content of dog-rose (Rosa canina L.) fruit in different habitats and awareness of the diversity of these compounds. For this purpose, the fruits were collected from 60 regions of the country during 2010-2012. Carotenoids and lycopene content were measured by spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 450 and 503 nm. Total carotenoids varied from 0.195 to 1.097 ma/g Fw. The highest and lowest total carotenoids were obtained from IR34 and IR9 accessions, respectively. Lycopene ranged between 0.029-0.32 mg/g FW and the highest and lowest lycopene was obtained from IR45 and IR9 accessions, respectively. Carotenoids and lycopene content showed significant differences in the studied regions (p < 0.05). According to the results of correlation, a significant positive correlation was found between total carotenoids and lycopene (r=0.726). In our study, the studied accessions were classified into three different clusters (C1-C3). Results from this study could be used in the future breeding program of dog-rose.
T. Mozafari Dehshiri; F. Sefidkon; F. Asgari; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki
Abstract
Pimpinella aurea DC. is one of the most abundant perennial species from Pimpinella genus in Iran, distributed in northwest, west, center, northeast, and southeast of Iran. This aromatic species contains essential oil with antimicrobial effect. In this research, to study the quality and quantity of seed ...
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Pimpinella aurea DC. is one of the most abundant perennial species from Pimpinella genus in Iran, distributed in northwest, west, center, northeast, and southeast of Iran. This aromatic species contains essential oil with antimicrobial effect. In this research, to study the quality and quantity of seed essential oil of Pimpinella aurea and also the effect of seed size on essential oil content and composition of Pimpinella aurea, seeds were collected from three localities in Tehran province (Tochal, Vardavard and Lavasanat) and were, after drying, separated by sieves having mesh sizes of 20, 25 and 30. All samples were subjected to hydro-distillation, individually, for obtaining their essential oils. The mean oil yields for Tochal seeds were calculated to be 4.01%, 3.20% and 1.12% for 20, 25 and 30 meshes, respectively. These values were 5.69%, 3.20% and 1.94% for the samples from Vardavard and 3.21%, 2.70% and 1.85% for Lavasanat samples. Results showed that the oil yield decreased remarkably with decreasing the size of the seeds. The essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS for the identification of their chemical composition. β-bisabolene was identified as the main component in the oils collected from different habitats (57.2-83.6%). The other major component was epoxy allo-aromadendrene (3.9-30.6%). According to the obtained results, seed size had no considerable effect on essential oil composition. In addition, more oil yield and β-bisabolene content were recorded for the seeds collected from Vardavard (with a warmer and dryer habitat).
F. Raouf Fard; M. Sharifi; R. Omidbaigi; F. Sefidkon; M. Behmanesh; N. Ahmadi
Abstract
The effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) upon Agastache foeniculum [Pursh] Kuntze was investigated in aspects of enzymatic activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), total phenolic content and total protein. The experiments were carried out based on a completely randomized ...
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The effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) upon Agastache foeniculum [Pursh] Kuntze was investigated in aspects of enzymatic activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), total phenolic content and total protein. The experiments were carried out based on a completely randomized design under a hydroponic system. The plants were subjected to different concentrations of MeJa (0, 0.1 and 1 mM). The PAL activity significantly increased in plants treated with 1 mM MeJa for 24 h compared with 0.1mM MeJa and control. In addition, 4CL activity also significantly increased at 24 h after 1mM MeJa treatment compared with 0.1mM MeJa treatment and control. However, MeJa treatments did not have any significant effect on total phenolic compounds after 8, 12 or 24 h of treatment compared with controls of those times. Total protein content significantly increased with 1 or 0.1 mM MeJa treatments after 24h of treatment compared with control plants.
K. Jaimand; M.B. Rezaee; F. Sefidkon; M. Naderi; H. Keneshloo; M.Y. Achak; M. Farahpour; Sh. Karimi
Abstract
Moringa peregrine (Forssk.) Fiori is one of the species growing in tropical and desert areas and is distributed in the southeastern of the country in Hormozghan and Sistan and Balochestan provinces. Moringa peregrine is a desert shrub that can grow in areas with little rainfall, andit has a great nutritional, ...
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Moringa peregrine (Forssk.) Fiori is one of the species growing in tropical and desert areas and is distributed in the southeastern of the country in Hormozghan and Sistan and Balochestan provinces. Moringa peregrine is a desert shrub that can grow in areas with little rainfall, andit has a great nutritional, pharmaceutical, environmental, industrial and economic values. This research was aimed to determination of fatty acids in Moringa peregrina seed oil from different locations in Sistan and Balochestan province in 2009. Five samples were collected from five natural research stations. The oil content was determined by the Soxhlet method. The oil content obtained from Tong Fonoj, Keneshky, Bent, Begaband, and Dorahy Chanf sations were measured to be 54.6%, 50.4%, 52.4%, 53.2%, and 53.6% respectively. According to the obtained results, fatty acids content varied as follows: oleic acid (71.5-74%), palmitic acid (12.6-14.7%), Iso-oleic acid (3.6-4.5%), palmitoleic acid (3.3-4.7%), stearic acid (1.9-2.4%), Behenic acid (0.9-1.5%), gadoleic acid (0.4-10.9%) and Arachidonic acid (0.4-1.3%). Over 90 percent of the oil consumed in the country is imported from abroad. Our results clearly indicate that due to the amount of fatty acids in Moringa peregrina seeds, this plant can be considered as a new source for the production of vegetable oil and widespread food consumption.
A. Kayhani; F. Sefidkon; A. Monfared
Abstract
Plant essential oils are used in a wide range of pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics and hygienic products. Satureja sahendica Bornm is an endemic aromatic plant in Iran. In traditional medicine, it has analgesic and anti-infection properties. Savory is used for treatment of chest discomfort, cough, wasting ...
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Plant essential oils are used in a wide range of pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics and hygienic products. Satureja sahendica Bornm is an endemic aromatic plant in Iran. In traditional medicine, it has analgesic and anti-infection properties. Savory is used for treatment of chest discomfort, cough, wasting and rheumatic pain. Previous researches showed that the main compounds of Satureja Sahendica essential oil were ρ-cymene, thymol, carvacrol and γ-terpinene. Since different drying and distillation methods affect oil yield and composition of aromatic plants, in this study, to investigate the effect of drying methods, the aerial parts of Satureja Sahendica were collected from Agricultural Research farm in Qazvin, at full flowering stage. The plant materials were dried by different methods (oven 30°C, oven 40°C, oven 50°C and shade). The essential oils of each treatment were obtained by hydro- distillation in three replicates. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Oil yield and the percentage of main components were compared statistically by Duncan's Multiple Range Test in SAS software. Results showed that oil yields, percentage of thymol and total phenolic compounds in essential oils were not different statistically in oven 30°C , oven 40°C and shade, but drying in oven 50°C produced lower oil yield. The percentage of thymol and total phenolic compounds was higher in oven 50°C. Statistical analysis showed that the oil yield obtained from hydro-distillation method (1/45%) was higher than that of the other two methods (at 1% level), while the highest values of thymol and carvacrol were obtained by steam distillation (at 5% level).
Kh. Karimzadeh; F. Sefidkon; N. Majnoon Hosseini; S.A. Peighambari
Abstract
To study the effect of different levels of soil moisture, zeolite and biofertilizers on physiological characteristics, yield and essential oil of medicinal plant Dracocephalum moldavica L., this research was performed in 2010 at Tehran university research greenhouse. For this purpose, a factorial split-plot ...
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To study the effect of different levels of soil moisture, zeolite and biofertilizers on physiological characteristics, yield and essential oil of medicinal plant Dracocephalum moldavica L., this research was performed in 2010 at Tehran university research greenhouse. For this purpose, a factorial split-plot experiment in RCBD with 4 replications was used. In this study the main plots included different soil moisture levels (90%, 60% and 30 % FC) and subplots consisted of two levels of zeolite (zero, 8gr 4kg-1 soil) along with four levels of biofertilizers (without biofertilizer, nitroxin, biphosphorous, nitroxin+biphosphorous). Results showed that the highest amount of total, a and b chlorophylls, relative water content and yield of essential oil were obtained through %90 FC, but the highest amount of solution carbohydrates, proline and percentage of essential oil were obtained through %30 FC. The maximum amount of studied physiological traits as essential oil percentage and essential oil yield were obtained from application of nitroxin+biophosphorous. Interaction effects of soil moisture, zeolite and biofertilizers showed significant differences among different treatments on amount of a, b and total chlorophyll, relative water content, percentage and yield of essential oil. The maximum amount of oil yields were obtained from zeolite application and combination of nitroxin+biphosphorous and 60% FC and treatment of no consumption of zeolite and combination of nitroxin+biphosphorous with 90% FC. It could be concluded that moderate drought stress (60% FC) with application of zeolite and combination of nitroxin+biphosphorous is beneficial for Dragonhead essential oil yield.
A. Assarzadeh; H. Azarnivand; F. Sefidkon; H. Arzani; M.A. Zare-Chahooki
Abstract
The essential oil yield and chemical composition of the aerial parts of Artemisia sieberi Besser were investigated in two sites of grazed and ungrazed rangelands. Plant sampling was performed from 2 sites in Ahmadabad, located in Semnan province at the beginning of flowering stage in October 2010. The ...
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The essential oil yield and chemical composition of the aerial parts of Artemisia sieberi Besser were investigated in two sites of grazed and ungrazed rangelands. Plant sampling was performed from 2 sites in Ahmadabad, located in Semnan province at the beginning of flowering stage in October 2010. The samples of inflorescences of plants were collected from 5 random points of each site. Then, air-dried parts of the plants were subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Analysis and identification of chemical composition of the essential oils were performed by GC and GC/MS. There was no significant difference between the oil yields of Artemisia sieberi in 2 investigated sites. In ungrazed and grazed sites, the main components of essential oils were respectively, Camphor (48/03%), 1,8-Cineole (15/96%), Camphene (10/32%) and Camphor (51/82%), Camphene (10/86%), 1,8-Cineole (9/52%). According to the results, significant differences were recorded for Thuja-2,4(10)-diene (p<0.05) and α –Terpineol (p<0.01) between two studied sites. No significant differences were observed for the percentage of other componenets between 2 investigated sites. Also, comparison of the economic value of oil in one hectare with total area of the grazed and ungrazed rangelands showed that garzing caused a reduction in economic efficiency of oil.
E. Modiri; F. Sefidkon; Z. Jamzad; A. Tavasoli
Abstract
The genus Ziziphora (Lamiaceae) consists of four species (Z. clinopodioides L., Z. capitata L., Z. persica Bunge. and Z. tenuior L.), wildly distributed in Iran. Ziziphora clinopodioides with the common Persian name of “kakuti-e kuhi” is a rich source of essential oils. In this study, aerial ...
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The genus Ziziphora (Lamiaceae) consists of four species (Z. clinopodioides L., Z. capitata L., Z. persica Bunge. and Z. tenuior L.), wildly distributed in Iran. Ziziphora clinopodioides with the common Persian name of “kakuti-e kuhi” is a rich source of essential oils. In this study, aerial parts of five subspecies of Z. clinopodioides were collected. After drying the plants, the essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The composition of the essential oils was analyzed and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/Mass (GC/MS). The essential oils of different subspecies were different qualitatively and quantitatively. In the essential oil of subsp. Rigida, collected from Urmia and Fars, 15 and 19 compounds were identified, respectively. In both, the main compound was pulegone (46.8%) and (36.1%), respectively. In the essential oil of subsp. filicaulis from Arasbaran, subsp. bungeana from Tabriz and subsp. ronnigeri from Urmia, 15, 18 and 19 compounds were identified, respectively. The main compound was pulegone (46%), (23%) and (52%), respectively. In the essential oil of subsp. pseudodasyantha, collected from Qazvin (before to Zoshk) and Qazvin, 14 and 16 compounds were identified, respectively. Pulegone (49.8%) and Limonene (29%) were identified as the main compounds, respectively. In the essential oil of the mentioned subspecies, collected from Garmabdareh and Shahrestanak, 18 and 16 compounds were identified, respectively. The main compounds were g-terpinene (16.1%) and 1,8-cineol (32.4%), respectively.
M. Fattahi; V. Nazeri; F. Sefidkon; Z. Zamani
Abstract
Study on relationships between a species with its surrounding biotic and abiotic environment provides valuable information in terms of propagation, domestication and breeding. For this purpose, the autecology studies of Dradocephalum kotschyi Bioss was studied in 12 natural habitats. Natural habitats ...
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Study on relationships between a species with its surrounding biotic and abiotic environment provides valuable information in terms of propagation, domestication and breeding. For this purpose, the autecology studies of Dradocephalum kotschyi Bioss was studied in 12 natural habitats. Natural habitats were determined with using Flora Iranica and with the assistance of local people. Also, topography and climate conditions were determined for each natural habitat. In addition, phenology and dominant companion species were recorded in all growing regions. Other studied traits were mostly growth and reproductive ones including height, basal diameter and canopy cover which were evaluated in situ. Plant fitness was evaluated based on the number of produced seeds, flowering stems, observed expected and produced seeds. Results of topography and climate data showed that natural habitats were mostly in rocky highlands with a high relative humidity and cool weather in summer. Plant fitness and growth condition were significantly different in different regions which could be due to ecological and/ or genetic variations. According to the results, domestication and breeding programs are urgently required for the conservation of this valuable but endangered species.
S. Yousefzadeh; S.A.M. Modarres-Sanavy; F. Sefidkon; A. Asgarzadeh; A. Ghalavand; M. Roshdi; A. Safaralizadeh
Abstract
To determine the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen on some morphologic traits and essential oil content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with 20 treatments and 3 replications. The study was performed in ...
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To determine the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen on some morphologic traits and essential oil content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with 20 treatments and 3 replications. The study was performed in two locations during 2009-2010 on research field at Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, and at the Khoy Agricultural Research Center in West Azarbaijan province. The treatments were consisted of two genotypes (landrace and SZK-1 cultivar), two seed inoculation treatments (either with or without bacterial inoculation with Azotobacter + Azosprillum + psedomonas) and five fertilization regimes (100% urea, 75% urea + 25% Azocompost, 50% urea + 50% Azocompost, 25% urea + 75% Azocompost and 100% Azocompost). Results showed that most of the studied morphologic traits were affected by genotype factor. The effect of fertilizer regime was significant on dry matter yield, percentage of essential oil and essential oil yield. The number of flowering branches in location one, and plant height, number of leaves per main stem and number of flowering branches in location two were affected by bacterial inoculation. Two-way interaction effects on a number of studied traits were significant. Three-way interaction effects were significant for the number of flowering branches in location one and the percentage of essential oil and dry matter yield in location two. The greatest plant height, height of the first flowering branch from ground level, number of leaves on the main stem, the number of lateral branches and essential oil yield were recorded for the landrace. The bacterial inoculation increased plant height, the number of leveas on the main stem, stem diameter and the number of flowering branches per plant. The application of 50% urea + 50% Azocompost increased dry matter yield, essential oil percentage and yield. The application of 100% Azocompost resulted in the least essential oil yield. Essential oil yield in landrace was more than that of SZK-1 cultivar. Bacterial inoculation could enhance the essential oil yield in both genotypes, particularly in landrace. In general, results showed that application of 50% urea + 50% Azocompost integrated with bacterial inoculation can be a suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers.
F. Sefidkon; B. Torabi Sagvand; M. Naderi; S.A Ghooshegir
Abstract
Nasturtium officinalis (L.) R. Br. is a prennial and aquatic plant which grows in water flows of most regions of Iran. There are flavonoids in the leaves and flowers of N. officinalis with anticancer properties. In this research, to investigate anticancer effects, leaves and flowers of N. officinalis ...
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Nasturtium officinalis (L.) R. Br. is a prennial and aquatic plant which grows in water flows of most regions of Iran. There are flavonoids in the leaves and flowers of N. officinalis with anticancer properties. In this research, to investigate anticancer effects, leaves and flowers of N. officinalis were used by maceration in methanol for preparation of extract and its fractions. Also, the extract was converted to nanocapsules. The fractions of dichloromethane, diethylether and methanol were prepared from the first extract. Nanocapsules were prepared by double emulsion method using poly-lactic-glycolic acid. Nanocapsules were dried and their dimensions and distribution coefficient were determined. To evaluate the inhibitory effects on the proliferation of breast cancer cells (T47D) and colon cancer cells (HT-29), effects of the first extract, fractions and nanocapsules were compared with Doxorubicin (500 nM) and RPMI as control treatment. Measuring the the average size of nanocapsules showed that the dimentions of 50% of nanocapsules were less than 10 nm and the other were between 50-900 nm. Results of anticancer properties of the extract and fractions of N. officinalis on both breast and colon cancer cells, for 1 to 3 days, showed that dichloromethane fraction had a stronger effect on inhibition of proliferation of cancer cells compared to the first extract and other fractions. In addition, nanocapsules in the same concentration and period of time killed more cells in comparison to the first extract. Meanwhile, the anticancer effect of N. officinalis extract on breast cancer cells was stronger than that on colon cancer cells. Consequently, the possibility of making medicines from this plant extract especially in nanocapsule form could be considered.
M. Dadashpour; I. Rasooli; F. Sefidkon; M. Taghizadeh; S. Darvish Alipour Astaneh
Abstract
Essential oils with good antioxidant properties could be used for therapeutic, nutritional and food preservation purposes. With the increasing use of medicinal plant products, different aspects need to be considered in terms of useful applications and their potential harm to human health. In the present ...
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Essential oils with good antioxidant properties could be used for therapeutic, nutritional and food preservation purposes. With the increasing use of medicinal plant products, different aspects need to be considered in terms of useful applications and their potential harm to human health. In the present study, antimicrobial, antioxidative and cytotoxic properties of fresh and commercial essential oils of Anethum graveolens L. were studied. The bacterial strains sensitive to Anethum graveolens oils were in the following order: Candida albicans> S. aureus> E. coli> P. aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of the oils were determined. The essential oils had good bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antioxidative properties of the oils were studied using DPPH free radical scavenging and beta-carotene bleaching tests and the results were compared with standard synthetic antioxidants. Lipid peroxidation inhibitions were comparable to the synthetic antioxidants of BHT and BHA. The oil concentration required for 50% free radical scavenging (IC50) was 6.7 μg/ml with total phenol contents of 174.91 μg GAE/mg for fresh oil of A. graveolens, while they were 10.53 μg/ml and 4.34 GAE/mg respectively for the commercial oil. The volatile oils from fresh and commercial A. graveolens displayed cytotoxic effects on human peripheral blood cells (lymphocytes) with IC50 of 7 and 3042μg/ml and on human tumor cell line (HeLa cells) with IC50 of 8.51 μg/ml and 205.65 μg/ml respectively. The results show that essential oils of A. graveolens could be used with caution and after determining the dose.
