Agriculture and horticulture
M. Ahmadvand; A. Javanmard; M. Haghaninia; M.R. Morshedloo
Abstract
Intercropping systems and biofertilizers application play an important role in improving the quantity and quality of plant products. In this regard, to evaluate the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative traits of Thymus vulgaris L. in intercropping with Cicer arietinum ...
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Intercropping systems and biofertilizers application play an important role in improving the quantity and quality of plant products. In this regard, to evaluate the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative traits of Thymus vulgaris L. in intercropping with Cicer arietinum L., an experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh during 2020 growing season. Treatments included thyme sole culture, thyme sole culture inoculated with Myco-Root, chickpea sole culture, chickpea sole culture inoculated with Myco-Root, intercropping of one row chickpea+one row thyme (1:1), planting pattern of 1:1 inoculated with Myco-Root, intercropping of two rows chickpea+one row thyme (2:1), and planting pattern of 2:1 inoculated with Myco-Root. The results demonstrated that the highest seed (751.40 kg.ha-1) and biological (1645.6 kg.ha-1) yields of chickpea were obtained in the chickpea monoculture inoculated with Myco-Root, which was not significantly different from planting pattern of 2:1 inoculated with Myco-Root. Moreover, the highest dry matter yield of thyme (189.47 g.m-2) was achieved in the sole culture with application of mycorrhizal fungus. Also, the highest percentage (1.69) and essential oil yield (3.31 g.m-2) of thyme was obtained in planting pattern of 1:1 with application of mycorrhizal fungus in first harvest. Thymol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene were recognized as the main essential oil compounds. The highest percentage of thymol and γ-terpinene was obtained in planting pattern of 1:1 inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus. Also, the highest agronomical (land equivalent ratio, area harvest equivalent ratio, area time equivalent ratio, and land use efficiency) and economic (intercropping advantage, monetary advantage index, and system productivity index) indices were achieved in the intercropping ratio of 2:1 and 1:1 with application of Myco-Root biofertilizer, respectively. In general, the results showed that the Myco-Root biofertilizer application in intercropping, especially the planting pattern of 1:1, could improve the quantity and quality of thyme essential oil.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Yadegari
Abstract
Due to the valuable role of thyme in the pharmaceutical and food industries of Iran, an experiment was conducted to study the effects of NPK complete fertilizers, butamisol, and humic acid on the morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil of three species of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss, T. vulgaris ...
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Due to the valuable role of thyme in the pharmaceutical and food industries of Iran, an experiment was conducted to study the effects of NPK complete fertilizers, butamisol, and humic acid on the morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil of three species of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss, T. vulgaris L., and T. daenensis Celark under drought stress conditions. This research was performed in three separate factorial experiments as a randomized complete block design with four replications in Islamic Azad University, Branch of Shahrekord in the 2021-2022 crop year. Foliar application was done twice with an interval of three weeks after the 10-leaf stage of the plant. Twenty-four experimental treatments included the non-use (A1) and use (A2) of NPK, non-use (B1) and use (B2) of humic acid, non-use (C1) and use (C2) of botamisol under drought stress conditions at three levels of field capacity (D1), 50% (D2), and 75% (D3) loss of gravitational water. The highest amounts of plant height (44.5±1.1 cm), number of main branches (26.4±1.5), plant dry weight (40.5±0.99 g.m-2), total chlorophyll (1.55±0.1 mg.g-1 fresh weight (FW)), and essential oil content (1.88±0.03%) were obtained in the A2B2C2D1 treatment in T. kotschyanus. The A2B2C2D3 treatment resulted in the highest proline content (13.9±0.2 µg.g-1 FW) and lowest essential oil content (0.79±0.1 %) in T. daenensis. Thymol and carvacrol in T. kotschyanus, thymol, ɣ-terpinene, p-cymene, and linalool in T. vulgaris, and thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, β-caryophylene, α-pinene, and myrcene in T. daenensis were identified as the major essential oil compounds. More nutrient utilization and stress in the least possible along with the temperate climate of the study area led to the introduction of T. kotschyanus as an indicator species in this field.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Jamali Dost; A. Salehi; H.R. Balouchi; P. Rostampour
Abstract
To investigate the response of quantitative and qualitative yield of ajwain (Carum copticum L.) to the irrigation cut-off in different nutritional regimes, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm of Sarvestan Agricultural ...
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To investigate the response of quantitative and qualitative yield of ajwain (Carum copticum L.) to the irrigation cut-off in different nutritional regimes, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm of Sarvestan Agricultural Jihad Organization, Fars province in 2019. The factors consisted of irrigation as the main factor at two levels (optimal irrigation and irrigation cut-off at flowering stage) and nutritional regime as the sub-factor at six levels (control, mycorrhiza, 15 ton.ha-1 manure, 15 ton.ha-1 manure + mycorrhiza, 30 ton.ha-1 manure, and 30 ton.ha-1 manure + mycorrhiza). The irrigation cut-off treatment reduced the plant height, number of umbrellas per plant, number of seeds per umbrella, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield by 30.65, 37.25, 46.12, 43.40, 24.40, 41.78, 19.68, and 52.86%, respectively compared to the optimal irrigation. The use of manure and mycorrhiza significantly increased all the mentioned traits. Moreover, the interaction of irrigation and nutritional sources treatments significantly affected only the percentage and essential oil yield. The highest percentage (2.80%) and essential oil yield (15.02 kg.ha-1) was observed in the 30 ton.ha-1 manure + mycorrhiza and optimum irrigation treatment. The lowest essential oil percentage (1.60%) was obtained in the control and optimum irrigation treatment and the lowest essential oil yield (4.62 kg.ha-1) resulted from the control and irrigation cut-off treatment.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Layeghhaghighi; B. Abaszadeh
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a valuable medicinal tree in addition to being used as a food. Olive leaf, as an organ containing active ingredients, is of great value in various industries. Use of olive leaves extract as a natural antioxidant is one of the most common applications of this plant. Oleuropein ...
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Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a valuable medicinal tree in addition to being used as a food. Olive leaf, as an organ containing active ingredients, is of great value in various industries. Use of olive leaves extract as a natural antioxidant is one of the most common applications of this plant. Oleuropein is the most important phenolic compound in olive species that plays an important role in health. Oleuropein and quercetin are used as effective compounds in anti-cancer, anti-virus, and anti-inflammatory drugs. To investigate the effects of vermicompost (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 tons per hectare) application on morphological traits, leaf yield, and oleuropein, quercetin, macro and micro elements of the olive leaf extract under field conditions, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications (nine shrubs in each replicate) at the Alborz Research Station, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands in two years. Three-year-old shrubs were planted at a distance of 5 m on the row and 5 m between the rows at a depth of 50 cm. Vermicompost affected fresh and dry leaf yield per hectare and quercetin and oleuropein amounts of the leaves significantly (at the level of 1% probability) in both years. The highest dry leaf yield per hectare was obtained in the 4 tons of vermicompost treatment (55.573 kg in the first year and 63.047 kg in the second one). The amount of quercetin increased from 18.48 and 18.7 µg.mg-1 dry matter in the control treatment (in the first and second years, respectively) to 34.67 and 37.7 µg.mg-1 dry matter in the 4 tons vermicompost per hectare treatment (in the first and second years, respectively). Also, the use of 2 tons of vermicompost per hectare increased the leaf oleuropein in both years. Different vermicompost treatments increased the uptake of most macro and micro elements including phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper in both years. The results showed that the appropriate amounts of vermicompostcould be used to produce a plant with high quercetin and oleuropein.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Yadegari
Abstract
Due to the valuable role of savory (Satureja spp.) in pharmaceutical and food industries, three separate factorial experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in Islamic Azad University, Branch of Shahrekord in the 2021-2022 crop year to study the effects of NPK, ...
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Due to the valuable role of savory (Satureja spp.) in pharmaceutical and food industries, three separate factorial experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in Islamic Azad University, Branch of Shahrekord in the 2021-2022 crop year to study the effects of NPK, butamisol, and humic acid fertilizers on the morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil of three savory species (S. bachtiarica Bunge, S. mutica Fisch. & C. A. Mey., and S. khuzistanica Jamzad) under drought stress conditions. Experimental treatments included non-use (A1) and use (A2) of NPK, non-use (B1) and use (B2) of humic acid, non-use (C1) and use (C2) of botamisol, and drought stress at three levels of field capacity (D1), and 50% (D2) and 75% (D3) moisture loss. The A2B2C2D1 treatment resulted in the highest plant height (57.5±1.1 cm), number of main branches (23.4±1.7), total chlorophyll (1.55±0.02 mg.g-1 FW), and essential oil content (1.94±0.03%) in S. bachtiarica. The highest proline (13.99±1.2 µg.g-1 FW) and lowest essential oil (0.79±0.02%) amounts was obtained in S. mutica in the A1B1C1D3 treatment. From the 11 essential oil compounds, monoterpenoids such as ρ-cymene and carvacrol in S. bachtiarica, carvacrol and ɣ-terpinene in S. khuzistanica, and ρ-cymene and thymol in S. mutica were identified as major essential oil constituents. Better nutrition and minimum stress with temperate climate of the region under study led to the introduction of S. bachtiarica as the best species.
Agriculture and horticulture
B. Yoosefi; F. Sefidkon; M. Mirza; M.H. Lebaschy
Abstract
Satureja mutica Fisch. & C. A. Mey. is one of the native savory species of Iran that has received much attention due to its high essential oil content and phenolic compound of thymol. Determination the most suitable and best planting density as well as soil fertility is very important in increasing ...
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Satureja mutica Fisch. & C. A. Mey. is one of the native savory species of Iran that has received much attention due to its high essential oil content and phenolic compound of thymol. Determination the most suitable and best planting density as well as soil fertility is very important in increasing the quantitative and qualitative yield of medicinal plants. In this study, to investigate the effects of plant density and feeding with organic fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of essential oils in Satureja mutica Fisch. & C. A. Mey. under rainfed conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plots in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Research and Education Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kermanshah province in 3 crop years (2018-2020). The main factor included 3 fertilizer treatments and the sub-factor was 3 densities (2.66, 4, and 8 plants per square meter) in rows with a distance of 50 cm and with 3 planting distances (25, 50, and 75 cm). Plant aerial parts were harvested at full flowering stage and their essential oil (EO) was extracted by hydrodistillation method. EO yield was calculated according to the plant dry weight and its chemical compounds were identified using GC and GC/MS. The results showed that percentage and EO chemical composition did not show any difference between the years. There was a significant difference between the fertilizer treatments for the percentage and EO yield and thymol, carvacrol, and other EO chemical compounds at the level of 1%. There was a significant difference between the planting densities only for EO yield. Thymol had a positive relationship with the treatments of enriched straw and then rotten cow manure and the highest amount (53.2%) was observed in the enriched straw treatment. Carvacrol with the highest amount of 9.2%, showed a positive relationship with the rotten cow manure treatment.
Agriculture and horticulture
R. Rostami; B. Esmaielpour; S.A. Hosseini; G. Salimi; A. Etminan
Abstract
To investigate the effects of mycorrhizal fungi on growth characteristics, physiology, and essential oil yield of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under lead (Pb) stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of University ...
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To investigate the effects of mycorrhizal fungi on growth characteristics, physiology, and essential oil yield of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under lead (Pb) stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili (UMA) in 2018. Experimental treatments included different levels of Pb heavy metal (0, 200, and 400 ppm) and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi (without inoculation, inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae, and Claroideoglomus etunicatum). The results showed that in comparison with the control, with increasing Pb concentration in the soil, plant height (40.56%), number of leaves (36.09%), stem dry weight (43.50%), essential oil percentage (40%), and cell membrane stability (16.14%) were significantly decreased, while proline content (51.72%) and catalase activity (45%) of the leaves increased. Inoculation of thyme with the mycorrhizal fungi was effective in increasing the vegetative indices in presence of Pb heavy metal so that both G. mosseae and G. etunicatum increased the number of leaves by 66.20 and 9.55% compared to the control, respectively. Also, inoculation with G. mosseae under severe Pb stress conditions (400 ppm) increased leaf proline content (11.49%), peroxidase enzyme activity (8.8%), chlorophyll b (21%), total chlorophyll (70.43%), carotenoids (19.6%), and essential oil percentage (55%) compared to the control. Overall, both mycorrhizal fungi were effective on alleviation of Pb toxicity effects and F. mosseae had better performance, especially in terms of morphological traits and essential oil yield. Due to the negative effects of heavy elements on human health, the recommendations to use mycorrhizal fungi to reduce the absorption of heavy metals in plants should be done with more consideration of all aspects including the plant and fungus species type and rate and pollution type.
Agriculture and horticulture
Y. Esmaeilian; A. Jalali
Abstract
This experiment was conducted as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of University of Gonabad in the 2017-18 crop year. The main plot included control, chemical fertilizer (100, 120, and 150 kg.ha-1 urea, triple superphosphate, and potassium sulphate, ...
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This experiment was conducted as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of University of Gonabad in the 2017-18 crop year. The main plot included control, chemical fertilizer (100, 120, and 150 kg.ha-1 urea, triple superphosphate, and potassium sulphate, respectively), and vermicompost (10 t.ha-1) and sub-plot consisted of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) intercropping in 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:100 proportions and sole cropping of two crops. The results showed that the highest number and bulblet length was obtained in the chemical fertilizer treatment, however there was no significant difference between this treatment and vermicompost. While, the vermicompost treatment resulted in the highest bulblet diameter. The highest bulblet number was obtained in the 50:50 intercropping treatment and the highest length and bulblet diameter was obtained in the 25:75 one. The highest biological yield and bulb yield (3867 and 2293 kg.ha-1) was obtained in the sole cropping of garlic and chemical fertilizer treatment. The highest garlic essential oil was obtained in the vermicompost (2.33%) and 50:50 intercropping (2.36%) treatments. The plant height and number of pods per plant in fenugreek had the highest increase (30 and 21%, respectively) in the chemical nutrition treatment. Also, the highest number of pods per plant was obtained in the 25:75 intercropping treatment. The highest forage and seed yield of fenugreek (2057 and 682 kg.ha-1, respectively) was observed in the sole cropping and chemical fertilizer treatment. The biological yield was higher in the chemical (2800 kg.ha-1) and organic (2733 kg.ha-1) fertilizer treatments under sole cropping. The highest essential oil of fenugreek seeds was observed in the chemical fertilizer (1.16%) and 75:25 intercropping (1.12%) treatments. The intercropping patterns recorded the land equivalent ratios above 1 and the best situation was obtained from 100:100 intercropping. Garlic was superior to fenugreek in the intercropping treatments except for 100:100 pattern. The intercropping advantage was greater than 1 except for the 100:100 treatment and the highest economic advantage was obtained in the 25:75 pattern and organic fertilizer treatment.
Agriculture and horticulture
A. Abbasi Khammar; M. Moghaddam; A. Asgharzade; M. Mahmoodi Sourestani
Abstract
To study the effects of different nitrogen levels (0, 70, 140, and 210 mg l-1) on some growth, biochemical, and nutrient uptake (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) characteristics and essential oil content in sage (Salvia officinalis L.) under hydroponic conditions, a pot experiment was conducted based ...
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To study the effects of different nitrogen levels (0, 70, 140, and 210 mg l-1) on some growth, biochemical, and nutrient uptake (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) characteristics and essential oil content in sage (Salvia officinalis L.) under hydroponic conditions, a pot experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2019. The results of means comparison showed that with increasing the nitrogen level, the plant growth characteristics increased, so that the 210 mg l-1 N treatment decreased the stem diameter, number of branches, nodes, and leaves, length of internodes, length and leaf width, fresh and stem dry weight, fresh and aerial parts dry weight, and aerial parts dry weight to root dry weight ratio by 54.19, 72.59, 39.49, 82.52, 51.42, 72.20, 71.46, 95.17, 90.31, 95.82, 92.30, and 83.46%, respectively compared to the no N application. The application of 210 mg l-1 N increased the relative content of leaf water (RWC), proline, and essential oil content by 9.57, 266.6, and 14.87% and decreased the electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde by 30.45 and 51.51%, respectively compared to the no N application. Also, the lowest N level decreased the K, P, and N content by 32.65, 85.13, and 56.89%, respectively compared to the highest N level. The results of this experiment showed that different N levels could have different effects on the growth and essential oil content of sage. Based on the present research findings, the application of 210 mg l-1 N could be recommended for the sage cultivation due to the improving effects on the studied traits of the plant.
Agriculture and horticulture
A. Koushki; A. Alinejadian-Bidabadi; A. Maleki
Abstract
To investigate the effects of rice husk biochar application on the various physiological and biochemical characteristics (fresh and aerial parts dry weight, plant height, percentage and essential oil yield,and content of chlorophylls, carotenoids, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) of peppermint ...
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To investigate the effects of rice husk biochar application on the various physiological and biochemical characteristics (fresh and aerial parts dry weight, plant height, percentage and essential oil yield,and content of chlorophylls, carotenoids, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under different irrigation regimes, a factorial pot experiment with different levels of biochar (0, 3, and 6 t.ha-1) and irrigation (100% of full irrigation (control), 60, 80, and 120% of full irrigation) was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Lorestan University in 2019. The results showed that the highest and lowest of aerial parts fresh weight were obtained in the 3 t.ha-1 biochar + 120% of full irrigation (24.2 g.pot-1) and 3 t.ha-1 biochar + 60% of full irrigation (13.3 g.pot-1) treatments, respectively. At the 60% of full irrigation level, the dry weight, height, essential oil yield, and N and P concentration of the plant aerial parts significantly decreased by 39.8, 33.3, 26.2, 17.2, and 8.7%, respectively compared to the control; while the essential oil percentage and K concentration of aerial parts had an increasing trend. The amount of a, b, and total chlorophyll, and carotenoids decreased under the water stress conditions. The highest amount of total chlorophyll was observed in the 6 t.ha-1 biochar + 100% of full irrigation treatment. The application of 6 t.ha-1 biochar increased the fresh and aerial parts dry weight, plant height, percentage and essential oil yield, photosynthetic pigments, and N, P, and K concentration of aerial parts compared to the no biochar application, significantly. The results showed that the 6 t.ha-1 biochar + 120% of full irrigation treatment increased most of the traits studied. However, due to the importance of peppermint in terms of essential oil production, the highest essential oil percentage was obtained at the highest level of water stress.
Agriculture and horticulture
S.M. Hasani; D. azadfar; M.H. Arzanesh; Z. Saeedi; S.H. Matinkhah
Abstract
The ecological, economic, and social benefits of agroforestry operations over the integrated agriculture are well-recognized, but failure to use the fertilizers and low profitability of the agroforestry systems may be a reason for the low acceptance of these systems by farmers. In this study, a factorial ...
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The ecological, economic, and social benefits of agroforestry operations over the integrated agriculture are well-recognized, but failure to use the fertilizers and low profitability of the agroforestry systems may be a reason for the low acceptance of these systems by farmers. In this study, a factorial split-split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications to investigate the effects of bio-, organic, and chemical fertilizers on the improvement of yield, qualitative traits, and the greater profitability of this system. The medicinal species at two levels, fertilizer at five levels, and tree species at two levels were considered as the main-, sub-, and sub-sub plots, respectively. The tree species including cherry (Prunus avium L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) were selected for the agroforestry system and the medicinal species including coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and flixweed (Descurainia sophia (L.) Schur) were cultivated understorey of this system. Four fertilizer treatments including the organic manure (3 kg.m-2)+humic acid organic fertilizer (AgriPlus) (0.5 kg.100 l-1 of water.100 m-2), Mycomix endomycorrhizal biofertilizer (100 g.m-2), Bioazospir bacterial fertilizer (200 g.100 kg of seed), and chemical fertilizer based on the soil analysis (75 kg of urea, 150 kg of triple superphosphate, and 150 kg of potassium sulfate at the beginning of sowing+100 kg of potassium sulfate 30 days after sowing and another 100 kg two months after sowing per hectare) were examined with the control (without fertilizer). The results showed that the plant height and 1000-seed weight at the 5% probability level and the plant fresh and dry weight, number of seeds per spike, seed yield per plant and hectare, and percentage of protein, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium per seeds at the 1% probability level were significantly affected by the fertilizer treatments in flixweed. In coriander, the plant height, leaves and stems fresh yield, number of seeds per umbel and plant, biological and economic yield, and percentage and essential oil yield were significantly affected by the fertilizer treatments at the 1% probability level, too. In flixweed, the organic fertilizer, bioazospir, mycorrhiza, and chemical fertilizer caused the highest amount of studied traits, respectively and the control treatment caused the lowest one. In coriander, the mycorrhizal fertilizer, organic fertilizer, bioazospir, and chemical fertilizer resulted in the highest amount of studied traits, respectively and the control treatment caused the lowest one. Also, both medicinal plants showed much better performance in the combined cultivation with the cherry tree. Among the various combinations in the cultivation, the combined cultivation of coriander with cherry tree was selected as the best one.
Agriculture and horticulture
A. Hayati; M.M. Rahimi; A. Kelidari; S.M. Hosseini
Abstract
Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds are used in the traditional medicine in many countries to prevent and treat many disorders and diseases including cough, asthma, nasal congestion, headache, toothache, intestinal worms, menstrual disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, and impotence. To study the effects ...
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Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds are used in the traditional medicine in many countries to prevent and treat many disorders and diseases including cough, asthma, nasal congestion, headache, toothache, intestinal worms, menstrual disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, and impotence. To study the effects of humic acid and iron nanochelate on the content of osmotic protective osmolites including glucose, fructose, sucrose, proline, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase of medicinal plant black cumin under the drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on the randomized complete block design with three treatments in three replications at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Eqlid city during two crop years of 2018 and 2019. The main plot consisted of three levels of irrigation (50, 75, and 100% of available water) and sub-plots included humic acid (0, 250, and 500 mg l-1) and iron nanochelate (0, 1, and 2 g l-1). The results showed that the effects of irrigation, humic acid, and iron chelate treatments on the catalase, superoxide dismutase, glucose, and peroxidase content, irrigation treatments on the proline content, and irrigation and humic acid treatments on the sucrose and fructose content were significant. The content of all protective osmolites increased in the 50% drought stress treatment. The highest content of glucose, fructose, and sucrose was obtained in the 50% drought stress, 500 mg l-1 humic acid, and 2 g l-1 iron nanochelate treatment. Overall, based on the results of this experiment, the application of humic acid fertilizer (500 mg l-1) and iron nanochelate (2 g l-1) could be recommended to reduce the effects of drought stress on black cumin.
Agriculture and horticulture
P. Arvin; R. Firuzeh
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most important and common environmental stresses that affects the quantitative and qualitative yield of many plants. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is one of the most well-known medicinal plants, which is used in the cure of many diseases due to its various effective ...
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Salinity is one of the most important and common environmental stresses that affects the quantitative and qualitative yield of many plants. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is one of the most well-known medicinal plants, which is used in the cure of many diseases due to its various effective compounds such as trigonelline. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of salinity stress on the yield components and some physiological and biochemical characteristics of four fenugreek populations under the greenhouse conditions. The pot factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental factors included four populations (Neishabour, Shirvan, Shiraz, and Ardakan) and four salinity levels (0, 30, 60, and 90 mM). At the final stages of growth, the traits including the relative water content (RWC), number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, and content of soluble sugars, proline, and trigonelline were measured in the mature plants. The salinity stress decreased the yield traits such as the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and 1000-seed weight in the all populations studied. The results showed that the salinity stress also decreased the concentration of soluble sugars and RWC, but increased the content of proline and trigonelline in the seeds. The population Shiraz was superior to the others in terms of the traits studied and showed more efficient mechanisms to tolerate the stress conditions.
Agriculture and horticulture
Z. Ebrahimi; M.R. Morshedloo; M.B. Hassanpour Aghdam
Abstract
To investigate the effects of different salinity levels on the essential oil content, and some morphological and physiological characteristics of two oregano subspecies (Origanum vulgare subsp. gracile (K.Koch) letsw. and O. vulgare subsp. hirtum (Link) letsw.), a factorial greenhouse experiment was ...
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To investigate the effects of different salinity levels on the essential oil content, and some morphological and physiological characteristics of two oregano subspecies (Origanum vulgare subsp. gracile (K.Koch) letsw. and O. vulgare subsp. hirtum (Link) letsw.), a factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. The salinity stress treatment was applied using sodium chloride in Hoagland nutrient solution at four levels of control (no stress), and mild (salinity 30 mM), moderate (salinity 60 mM), and severe (salinity 90 mM) stresses. According to the results, under salinity stress the growth indices, total carotenoids, and chlorophyll index decreased, but the activity of antioxidant enzymes and concentration of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide increased in both subspecies. The wet and dry weight, carotenoids, hydrogen peroxide, and guaiacol peroxidase activity were obtained higher in subsp. hirtum than subsp. gracile. The percentage and essential oil composition were also affected by salinity. With increasing the salinity levels, the essential oil percentage was significantly increased compared to the control and its highest amount (0.8%) was observed under mild stress. Thirty five compounds were identified in both oregano subspecies essential oil. Carvacrol (30-72%: subsp. hirtum crarvacrol more than the other subsp.), γ-terpinene, carvacrol methyl ether, and p-cymene were the main components of both subspecies. The results of this study demonstrated the superiority of subsp. hirtum to the other oregano subspecies in terms of the tolerance to salinity stress and also quantitative and qualitative yields.
Agriculture and horticulture
Z. Azimzadeh; A. Hassani; B. Abdollahi Mandoulakani; E. Sepehr
Abstract
Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the fam. lamiaceae that is used as a spice for flavoring foods and also for medicinal purposes as carminative, diaphoretic, expectorant, sedative, stomachic, diuretic, antitussive, and antirheumatic. To evaluate the effects of ...
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Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the fam. lamiaceae that is used as a spice for flavoring foods and also for medicinal purposes as carminative, diaphoretic, expectorant, sedative, stomachic, diuretic, antitussive, and antirheumatic. To evaluate the effects of salinity stress on some growth and physiological parameters, essential oil content, and nutrients absorption in two oregano subspecies, a factorial pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental factors included two subspecies of oregano (ssp. vulgare and ssp. gracile) and salinity stress at four levels (0, 25, 50, and 100 mM of NaCl). The results showed that the salinity stress had a significant effect on the measured parameters. With increasing the salinity level, the growth characteristics (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and dry matter yield), leaf relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll index (SPAD), percentage and essential oil yield, N, P, and K content and K/Na ratio in leaves and roots decreased, while Na and Cl content in leaves and roots of both subspecies increased. The two subspecies response to the different levels of salinity stress was different. The higher Na accumulation in the roots and higher K/Na ratio in the leaves compared to the roots indicated the ability of oregano subspecies to limit the transfer and accumulation of Na+ ions in their shoots. Overall, the findings of this study showed that the ssp. vulgare had higher tolerance to the salinity stress than ssp. gracile due to the less accumulation of Na and Cl ions, higher K/Na ratio, and lower reduction in chlorophyll index and dry matter yield.
Agriculture and horticulture
H. Alikhani; A. Rahimi; M. Shamsaddin Saied; R. Sahafi; M.R. Pirmoradi
Abstract
To study the effects of different levels of iron and zinc chelates application and supplementary irrigation on the quantity and quality of Ferula assa-foetida L. asafetida, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Neyriz City (Fars province) ...
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To study the effects of different levels of iron and zinc chelates application and supplementary irrigation on the quantity and quality of Ferula assa-foetida L. asafetida, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Neyriz City (Fars province) in 2018. The experimental treatments included the supplementary irrigation (no irrigation (control), once, and twice irrigation) and zinc and iron chelates foliar application (no foliar application (control), Zn (two per thousand) foliar application, Fe (two per thousand) foliar application, and combined Fe (1.5 per thousand) and Zn (1.5 per thousand) foliar application). The studied traits included the number of leaves, leaf length, crown diameter, aerial parts dry weight, plant survival percentage, concentration of elements Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the aerial parts, asafetida weight, and essential oil content. The results showed that the supplementary irrigation increased the number of leaves, aerial parts dry weight, and survival percentage of the plant. Twice supplementary irrigation resulted in the highest aerial parts Fe content. Also, the iron and zinc chelates foliar application increased the leaf length and survival percentage of the plant compared to the control. The highest aerial parts Fe content was obtained by iron chelate foliar application. Under both supplementary and control irrigation conditions, the zinc and iron chelates foliar application significantly increased the plant volume by 1.5 times, asafetida weight by 2 to 2.8 times, and essential oil content by 0.6 to 0.9%. In addition, under no supplementary irrigation conditions, the highest aerial parts Mn content of the plant was obtained by zinc chelate foliar application as well as combined iron and zinc chelates foliar application, but under once and twice supplementary irrigation conditions, the foliar application had no significant effect on this parameter. Under both supplementary and control irrigation conditions, the highest aerial parts Cu content of the plant was observed in no foliar application treatment. The Zn foliar application caused the highest aerial parts Zn content of the plant. Therefore, it seems that the supplementary irrigation with the foliar application of iron and zinc chelates could increase the asafetida yield and essential oil content in F. assa-foetida by improving the growth characteristics.
Agriculture and horticulture
H. Shabkhiz; A. Javanmard; A. Ostadi; M.R. Morshedloo
Abstract
To determine the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer and different irrigation levels on the content and essential oil compounds of thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak.), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and three replications in the greenhouse of Plant ...
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To determine the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer and different irrigation levels on the content and essential oil compounds of thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak.), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and three replications in the greenhouse of Plant Production and Genetics department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran, in 2020. The factors included drought stress at four levels of without stress (irrigation at field capacity (FC) as a control), mild (irrigation at 75% FC), moderate (irrigation at 55% FC), and severe (irrigation at 35% FC) stresses and biofertilizer at two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation with Myco-Root. The results demonstrated that the fresh and dry weight of leaves, stem dry weight, total dry weight, leaf relative water content, chlorophylls a and b and total chlorophyll content, and root colonization percentage decreased significantly with increasing the water deficit level. However, the carotenoid content and essential oil percentage showed an increasing trend with increasing drought stress. The highest carotenoid content and essential oil percentage was obtained by using Myco-Root under moderate drought stress. Thymol, carvacrol, p < /em>-cymene, 1,8-cineole, (E)-caryophyllene, borneol, γ-terpinene, and α-pinene were identified as the major constituents of essential oil in the all treatments. The highest content of thymol was obtained under mild drought stress with the Myco-Root application. Furthermore, the highest content of carvacrol was recorded under mild, moderate, and severe drought stresses, respectively with the Myco-Root application. On average, the application of Myco-Root biofertilizer increased the content of thymol, carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, E-caryophyllene, borneol, and α-pinene by 4.19, 48.28, 15.93, 16.33, 14.15, and 3.78%, respectively compared to not using this biofertilizer. Overall, the results showed that some morphological and physiological traits of thyme decreased significantly with increasing the water deficit levels, but the application of Myco-Root biofertilizer could amend drought stress and improve the growth, percentage and essential oil quality of the plant. Thus, the use of Myco-Root biofertilizer instead of chemical fertilizers could be recommended to achieve the sustainable agriculture in the thyme cultivation.
Agriculture and horticulture
A. Pirvash; M.A. Sheikh-Mohseni; F. Nejadhabibvash
Abstract
The nutrients are considered as the most important factor affecting morphological traits and secondary compounds in the medicinal plants. The method of plant nutrition is very important in the effective absorption of these elements. To evaluate the effects of different nitrogen sources including urea, ...
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The nutrients are considered as the most important factor affecting morphological traits and secondary compounds in the medicinal plants. The method of plant nutrition is very important in the effective absorption of these elements. To evaluate the effects of different nitrogen sources including urea, nitrogen-nanofertilizer, and amino acids on the morphological characteristics and concentration of polyphenolic compounds of Echinacea purpurea L., a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 27 treatments and four replications. The experimental treatments included the urea fertilizer at three levels of 0, 100, and 200 kg ha-1, foliar application with nitrogen-nanofertilizer at three levels of 0, 1, and 3 g l-1, and foliar application with commercial amino acid Fermolife at three levels of 0, 1, and 3 g l-1. The traits were measured at the full flowering stage of plants. The results showed that the highest amount of fresh and dry weight of leaves and fresh weight of roots was obtained in the 3 g l-1 nitrogen-nanofertilizer treatment and the highest amount of aerial parts dry weight was measured in the combined treatment of 1 g l-1 nitrogen-nanofertilizer and 3 g l-1 amino acids. Most of the plant traits were increased by the foliar application of nitrogen-nanofertilizer and amino acids compared to the urea fertilizer use. The effect of different nitrogen fertilizers on the concentration of polyphenolic compounds in the plant was also significant. The highest amount of total phenol was obtained in the simultaneous application of 200 kg ha-1urea, 3 g l-1 nitrogen-nanofertilizer, and 1 g l-1 amino acids treatment. Overall, the results showed that feeding E. purpurea with the nitrogen fertilizers could improve the morphological traits and total phenol concentration in the plant.
Agriculture and horticulture
A. Ghanbari Odivi; S. Fallah; M. Karimi; Z. Lori Gooini
Abstract
To evaluate the response of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. production to the livestock and chemical fertilizers, an experiment was conducted as a split plot with three replications in 2018 and 2019. The experimental treatments included the control (without fertilizer), chemical fertilizer, and different ...
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To evaluate the response of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. production to the livestock and chemical fertilizers, an experiment was conducted as a split plot with three replications in 2018 and 2019. The experimental treatments included the control (without fertilizer), chemical fertilizer, and different levels (100, 143, and 250 kg nitrogen ha-1) of poultry (PM100, PM143, and PM250), sheep (SM100, SM143, and SM250), and cattle (CM100, CM143, and CM250) manures. The traits including photosynthetic pigments, leaf area index, plant biomass, and percentage and essential oil yield were investigated. The effects of fertilizer, cutting, and the interaction of fertilizer and cutting were significant on all the triats. In the first cutting, the PM250 treatment produced more photosynthetic pigments than the chemical fertilizer. Also, the SM100 and CM100 treatments caused higher chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll compared to the chemical fertilizer. In the second cutting, the average photosynthetic pigments in the manure treatments were not superior to the chemical fertilizer. In the first cutting, the high level of livestock manures had a higher leaf area index compared to the chemical fertilizer, but in the second cutting, the medium and high levels of poultry manure and high level of sheep manure showed this superiority. In the first cutting, the all livestock manures treatments except CM100 produced the plant biomass similar to the chemical fertilizer, but in the second cutting, the PM143 treatment produced higher biomass compared to the chemical fertilizer. In the first cutting, the essential oil content of SM250 treatment was significantly superior to the chemical fertilizer. In the first cutting, the highest essential oil yield was obtained with the high level of livestock manures, but in the second cutting, there was no significant difference between the essential oil yield of different livestock manures levels and chemical fertilizer. In general, it could be concluded that the high level of poultry manure is a desirable alternative to the chemical fertilizer in D. kotschyi cultivation by creating the favorable conditions for the plant growth.
Agriculture and horticulture
F. Salarpour Qhoraba; H. Farahbakhsh
Abstract
To investigate the effects of chitosan foliar application on the various physiological and biochemical (proline, protein, antioxidant enzymes, and percentage and essential oil yield) characteristics and dry matter yield of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under drought stress conditions, a split-plot experiment ...
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To investigate the effects of chitosan foliar application on the various physiological and biochemical (proline, protein, antioxidant enzymes, and percentage and essential oil yield) characteristics and dry matter yield of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under drought stress conditions, a split-plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Lalehzar city, Bardsir county, Kerman province in 2019. The drought stress at four levels (35, 50, 65, and 80% of available moisture discharge) and the chitosan concentration at five levels (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 gram chitosan per liter of acetic acid) were considered as the main and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that the drought stress increased proline, antioxidant enzymes, and percentage and essential oil yield and decreased the dry matter yield significantly. The proline, antioxidant enzymes, dry matter yield, and essential oil percentage increased significantly with increasing the chitosan concentration, which resulted in a significant increase in the essential oil yield as the most important quality index in thyme. The protein and gayacol peroxidase enzyme were not affected by chitosan foliar application. In general, the results of this research showed that the higher chitosan concentrations (1.5 gram chitosan per liter of acetic acid) were more effective in ameliorating the damages induced by the drought stress and achieving the higher yield.
Agriculture and horticulture
S.M. Mohammadi; F, Sefidkon; S. Asadi-Sanam; S. Kalatejari
Abstract
To investigate the effects of different nutritional treatments on morphological characteristics, essential oil yield, and the amount of some elements in the soil and plant branches of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications ...
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To investigate the effects of different nutritional treatments on morphological characteristics, essential oil yield, and the amount of some elements in the soil and plant branches of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications and 14 nutritional treatments during two growing seasons (2017-2018, 2018-2019). Treatments included 1- C (control), 2- NPK (Chemical fertilizer 50-25-25 kg.ha-1), 3- CM30, 4- CM60 (CM: Cattle manure 30 and 60 ton.ha-1), 5- CM30+NPK, 6- CM60+NPK, 7- V5 (Vermicompost 50 ton.ha-1), 8- V5+NPK, 9- GM (Glomus mosseae), 10- GI (Glomus intraradices), 11- S0+T, 12- S250+T, 13- S500+T (S: Sulfur 0, 250, and 500 kg.ha-1, T: Thiobacillus), and 14- V5+T. The analysis of variance showed the significant effect (p < /em>≤0.01) of year×fertilizer treatments on the all morphological characteristics, percentage and essential oil yield, and the amount of potassium and sulfur of plant branches. The highest plant height in the first and second years was related to the CM30+NPK and CM60 treatments, respectively. The highest number of branches in the first and second years was observed in the CM30+NPK and GM treatments, respectively. The CM30+NPK treatment had the highest shade width in both years. Also, the highest amount of dry matter of flowering branches in the first and second years was related to the CM30+NPK and V5+T treatments, respectively. According to the results, the highest essential oil percentage in the first and second years was observed in the GM and S0 + T treatments, respectively. The application of V5+NPK and V5 +T treatments significantly increased the essential oil yield in the first and second years, respectively. The results also showed that the highest potassium content of branches in the first and second years was related to the GI and V5 + NPK treatments, respectively. Also, the highest sulfur content of branches in the first and second years was obtained in the V5 and S500 + T treatments, respectively. In general, the present study showed that the use of biofertilizers increases the efficiency of essential oil percentage and the amount of nutrients in this plant. Also, it could be recommended to use vermicompost along with the chemical and biological fertilizers to increase the essential oil yield of Satureja khuzistanica.
Agriculture and horticulture
H. Hammami; N. Imani
Abstract
Water deficit is one of the most important challenges for the agriculture, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world.Due to the high potential of some medicinal plants for cultivation under environmental stresses, cultivation of these plants in the low-yield fields can be considered. ...
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Water deficit is one of the most important challenges for the agriculture, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world.Due to the high potential of some medicinal plants for cultivation under environmental stresses, cultivation of these plants in the low-yield fields can be considered. Therefore, to reduce the negative effects of water deficit on the growth of Hibiscus sabdariffa L., a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of agriculture faculty, Birjand University in 2017. The experimental treatments included the amount of irrigation water at four levels (100, 80, 60, and 40% of the field capacity) and irrigation treatment with magnetic water at three levels (non-magnetic water (control), magnetized water with one, and two times passing through the magnetic field). The results showed that the effects of irrigation water amount treatments on the all measured traits and magnetic irrigation treatments on the all traits except leaf number were significant. Also, the interaction effects of irrigation water amount × magnetic irrigation treatments were significant on the plant height, number of bolls per plant, fresh and dry weight of aerial parts, dry weight of roots, and dry weight of sepals. Reducing the amount of irrigation water from 100 to 40% of field capacity caused a decrease in the spade number, stem diameter, number of leaves, and fresh root weight by 34.7%, 23%, 40.6%, and 27.6%, respectively. The mean comparison of interaction effects of irrigation water amount × magnetic irrigation treatments showed that irrigation with double-magnetized water improved all the traits compared to the irrigation with non-magnetic water. Therefore, it seems that the application of magnetic irrigation can be considered as one of the strategies to reduce the negative effects of water deficit.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Nosrati Momvandi; E. Zeid Ali; M.J. Zarea; H. Mumivand; M. Kiani
Abstract
To investigate the effects of planting date (March 20 and April 21), full fertilizer (PLANTFEED) (zero and two per thousand), and harvest time (8 am, 12 noon, and 19 pm) on the quantitative and qualitative yield (leaves and stems dry weight, stems to leaves ratio, yield and percentage of essential oil, ...
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To investigate the effects of planting date (March 20 and April 21), full fertilizer (PLANTFEED) (zero and two per thousand), and harvest time (8 am, 12 noon, and 19 pm) on the quantitative and qualitative yield (leaves and stems dry weight, stems to leaves ratio, yield and percentage of essential oil, and carvacrol percentage) of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017. Based on the results, all the mentioned traits except the stems to leaves ratio were affected by planting date and full fertilizer treatment. The planting date of April 21 and the application of full fertilizer increased all the studied traits except the carvacrol percentage and the stems to leaves ratio. The morning harvest time treatment increased the percentage and essential oil yield. The highest percentage of carvacrol (93.66%) was obtained in the triple interaction of planting date (March 20) × full fertilizer (two per thousand) × harvest time (evening) and the lowest one (82.77%) was obtained in the triple interaction of planting date (March 20) × no fertilizer application × harvest time (morning). The results showed that in the planting date of April 21 treatment, the application of full fertilizer caused better results in most of the mentioned traits. Also, the morning and evening harvest treatments caused the highest percentage and essential oil yield and carvacrol percentage. To investigate the effects of planting date (March 20 and April 21), full fertilizer (PLANTFEED) (zero and two per thousand), and harvest time (8 am, 12 noon, and 19 pm) on the quantitative and qualitative yield (leaves and stems dry weight, stems to leaves ratio, yield and percentage of essential oil, and carvacrol percentage) of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017. Based on the results, all the mentioned traits except the stems to leaves ratio were affected by planting date and full fertilizer treatment. The planting date of April 21 and the application of full fertilizer increased all the studied traits except the carvacrol percentage and the stems to leaves ratio. The morning harvest time treatment increased the percentage and essential oil yield. The highest percentage of carvacrol (93.66%) was obtained in the triple interaction of planting date (March 20) × full fertilizer (two per thousand) × harvest time (evening) and the lowest one (82.77%) was obtained in the triple interaction of planting date (March 20) × no fertilizer application × harvest time (morning). The results showed that in the planting date of April 21 treatment, the application of full fertilizer caused better results in most of the mentioned traits. Also, the morning and evening harvest treatments caused the highest percentage and essential oil yield and carvacrol percentage.
Agriculture and horticulture
Z. Izadi; A. Biabani; H. Sabouri; B. Bahreyninejad
Abstract
Datura stramonium L. is one of the important medicinal plants in the pharmaceutical industry due to its alkaloid compounds. To investigate the effects of urea fertilizer at three levels (60, 120, and 180 kg.ha-1) and planting density at three levels (6, 10, and 14 plants.m-2) on the yield and yield components ...
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Datura stramonium L. is one of the important medicinal plants in the pharmaceutical industry due to its alkaloid compounds. To investigate the effects of urea fertilizer at three levels (60, 120, and 180 kg.ha-1) and planting density at three levels (6, 10, and 14 plants.m-2) on the yield and yield components of this plant species, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in the research farm of Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Iran in 2018 and 2019 crop years. The main effects of density and urea on the traits including height, number of lateral branches, and 1000-seed weight and the interaction of different urea and density levels on the traits including seed yield, biological yield, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per plant, and number of seeds per capsule were significant in both years. The highest seed yield (1282.37 and 1212.53 kg.ha-1, respectively in 2018 and 2019 years) was obtained in the urea fertilizer 180 kg.ha-1 and 6 plants.m-2 treatment. The causal analysis results showed that the highest direct positive effect at the different levels of density and urea was related to the number of capsules per plant. The results of this experiment showed that the application of 180 kg.ha-1 of urea and 6 plants.m-2 could play an important role in increasing the seed yield of medicinal plant D. stramonium.
Agriculture and horticulture
F. Darabi; N. Abbasi; M.J. Zarea
Abstract
To investigate the role of putrescine and 24-epibrassinolide on the morphophysiological changes of Ocimum basilicum L. in the water deficiency tolerance, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Agriculture ...
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To investigate the role of putrescine and 24-epibrassinolide on the morphophysiological changes of Ocimum basilicum L. in the water deficiency tolerance, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Agriculture Faculty, Ilam University during 2017-19 crop years. The experimental treatments included the drought stress at three levels (40, 80, and 120 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) in the main plots and putrescine foliar application at three levels (Put0: 0, Put1: 0.5, and Put2: 2 mM) and 24-epibrassinolide foliar application at three levels (Br0: 0, Br1: 0.5, and Br2: 2 μM) factorially in the subplots. The results showed that the multiple interaction of year, drought stress, putrescine, and 24-epibrassinolide had a significant effect on the traits including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and basil essential oil percentage, so that the foliar application of 2 mM putrescine and 2 μM 24-epibrassinolide at all levels of drought stress, especially 80 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan, caused a further increase in these traits in both years of the experiment, which was higher in the first year than the second one. The optimal irrigation treatment (40 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) with application of 2 mM putrescine and 0.5 μM 24-epibrassinolide and drought stress treatments (80 and 120 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) with application of 2 mM putrescine and 2 μM 24-epibrassinolide had more leaves and secondary branches. The results of this study showed that the drought stress had an important role in reducing the basic factors in basil growth. In general, according to the results obtained, the foliar application of 2 mM putrescine with 2 μM 24-epibrassinolide to improve the physiological activities and increase the essential oil content, and 2 mM putrescine with 0.5 μM 24-epibrassinolide to increase the seed yield could be recommended in basil under drought stress conditions.
