Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
R. Mohtashami
Abstract
Water stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses limiting growth and plant yield under dryland conditions, which affects the morphological and physiological characteristics of plants. To evaluate morphological characteristics, yield, mucilage, and seed oil of Lallemantia iberica (M.B.) Fisch. ...
Read More
Water stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses limiting growth and plant yield under dryland conditions, which affects the morphological and physiological characteristics of plants. To evaluate morphological characteristics, yield, mucilage, and seed oil of Lallemantia iberica (M.B.) Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ecotypes [Kerman (Kerman province), Naein (Isfahan province), Sanandaj (Kurdistan province), Mashhad (Razavi-Khorasan province), and Malekan (East-Azerbaijan province)] under dryland conditions, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in the medicinal plants research farm of Yasouj Agricultural Research Center and Natural Resources in the 2016-2017 crop year. The results showed that ecotype significantly affected morphological traits, seed yield, mucilage yield, and oil yield. The highest seed yield was obtained from Kurdistan (529 kg ha-1) and Mashhad (515 kg ha-1) ecotypes. The highest and lowest oil yield was related to Kurdistan (211 kg ha-1) and Kerman (189 kg ha-1) ecotypes, respectively. Mashhad (22.7 kg ha-1) and Malekan (18.2 kg ha-1) ecotypes had the highest and lowest seed mucilage yield, respectively. Although there was no significant difference between the oil and seed mucilage percentage of the ecotypes, the highest (41.3%) and lowest (39.9%) oil content was found in Kerman and Kurdistan ecotypes and the highest (4.4%) and lowest (3.7%) mucilage percentage belonged to Mashhad and Kurdistan ones, respectively. Overall, the results showed that Kurdistan and Mashhad ecotypes are suitable for cultivation under dryland conditions of Yasouj due to higher yield of seeds, mucilage, and seed oil.
Agriculture and horticulture
H. Hammami; N. Imani
Abstract
Water deficit is one of the most important challenges for the agriculture, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world.Due to the high potential of some medicinal plants for cultivation under environmental stresses, cultivation of these plants in the low-yield fields can be considered. ...
Read More
Water deficit is one of the most important challenges for the agriculture, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world.Due to the high potential of some medicinal plants for cultivation under environmental stresses, cultivation of these plants in the low-yield fields can be considered. Therefore, to reduce the negative effects of water deficit on the growth of Hibiscus sabdariffa L., a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of agriculture faculty, Birjand University in 2017. The experimental treatments included the amount of irrigation water at four levels (100, 80, 60, and 40% of the field capacity) and irrigation treatment with magnetic water at three levels (non-magnetic water (control), magnetized water with one, and two times passing through the magnetic field). The results showed that the effects of irrigation water amount treatments on the all measured traits and magnetic irrigation treatments on the all traits except leaf number were significant. Also, the interaction effects of irrigation water amount × magnetic irrigation treatments were significant on the plant height, number of bolls per plant, fresh and dry weight of aerial parts, dry weight of roots, and dry weight of sepals. Reducing the amount of irrigation water from 100 to 40% of field capacity caused a decrease in the spade number, stem diameter, number of leaves, and fresh root weight by 34.7%, 23%, 40.6%, and 27.6%, respectively. The mean comparison of interaction effects of irrigation water amount × magnetic irrigation treatments showed that irrigation with double-magnetized water improved all the traits compared to the irrigation with non-magnetic water. Therefore, it seems that the application of magnetic irrigation can be considered as one of the strategies to reduce the negative effects of water deficit.
S. Faraji; M. Hadadinejad; V. Abdoosi; T. Basaki; S. Karami
Abstract
In order to study the effects of drought stress on polyphenolic compounds of pomegranate juice (Punica granatum L.) (total phenol, total flavonoid and cyanidin 3-glocoside content) as well as fruit yield, an experiment was carried out as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with ...
Read More
In order to study the effects of drought stress on polyphenolic compounds of pomegranate juice (Punica granatum L.) (total phenol, total flavonoid and cyanidin 3-glocoside content) as well as fruit yield, an experiment was carried out as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications (irrigation levels in main plots and pomegranate genotypes in subplots). Results showed that drought stress increased the content of juice polyphenolic compounds (P <0.05) and decreased fruit yield (P <0.05) in comparison with non-stress conditions (75±5% FC). However, mild stress (55±5% FC) caused a lower yield loss (P <0.05) compared to severe stress (35±5% FC). The results also showed that the genotypes studied could be considered as a rich source of phenolic compounds; however, the highest difference among the genotypes was found for cyanidin 3-glocoside content at different irrigation levels. On the other hand, based on the principal component analysis, under non-stress and mild stress conditions, genotypes Agha Mohamad Ali (AMA), Pust Sefid Torsh (PST), Malas Torshe Saveh (MTS), and Malas Shirine Saveh (MSS) could be recommended in food and pharmaceutical industries as superior and natural antioxidant-rich genotypes due to the high fruit yield and polyphenolic compounds. Generally, because of the importance of yield potential under drought stress, the mild drought stress treatment (55±5% FC) could be introduced as the optimum condition to obtain acceptable level of secondary metabolites, particularly cyanidin 3-glocoside, and fruit yield in Saveh region.
H. Darvizheh; M. Zahedi; B. Abaszadeh; J. Razmjoo
Abstract
In order to study the effect of water deficit and foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine on the phenological stages and caffeic acid derivatives yield of Echinacea purpurea L., a three replicated split- plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design during 2016 and ...
Read More
In order to study the effect of water deficit and foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine on the phenological stages and caffeic acid derivatives yield of Echinacea purpurea L., a three replicated split- plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design during 2016 and 2017 growing seasons at the research field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Iran. In this experiment, three irrigation regimes (irrigation after 20, 40 and 60% depletion of soil available water) were accommodated in main plots and salicylic acid (SA) and spermine (SPM) spray treatments (Control (no spray), spray at five levels of 75 mg/l SA, 150 mg/l SA, 75 mg/l SPM, 75 mg/l SA+75 mg/l SPM and 150 mg/l SA+75 mg/l SPM) were considered in subplots. The exogenous SA and SPM were applied on the foliage at two steps, 10-days apart and at the beginning of stem elongation stage. The effects of irrigation regime and spray treatments were significant on the traits studied. Drought stress decreased the number of days to phenological stages, the yield of echinacoside and cynarin in flower and cichoric acid, and caftaric acid and cynarin in leaves, but increased the yield of chlorogenic acid in flowers and caffeic acid derivatives (cichoric acid, echinacoside, chlorogenic acid, caftaric acid and cynarin) in roots. The foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine increased all studied traits. The interaction between water deficit and foliar spray was significant on the yield of caffeic acid derivatives in roots. The highest yield of cichoric acid (9.49 kg/ha), echinacoside (0.67 kg/ha), chlorogenic acid (0.26 kg/ha), caftaric acid (7.31 kg/ha) and cynarin (0.27 kg/ha) in roots was obtained at irrigation after 60% depletion of soil available water and simultaneous application of high concentrations of SA and SPM. Based on the results of the present study, the foliar application of SA and SPM improved the yield of caffeic acid derivatives in coneflower under both normal and water stress conditions.
S. Kiani; S.A. Siadat; M.R. Moradi Telavat; A. Poshtdar
Abstract
The study was carried out to assess the effects of humic acid and irrigation cut on yield, yield component and water use efficiency of three fennel ecotypes (Foeniculum vulgare L.) at the reproductive stages. The study was carried out in Agriculture and Natural Resources Science University of Khuzestan ...
Read More
The study was carried out to assess the effects of humic acid and irrigation cut on yield, yield component and water use efficiency of three fennel ecotypes (Foeniculum vulgare L.) at the reproductive stages. The study was carried out in Agriculture and Natural Resources Science University of Khuzestan in a factorial split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2016-2017. Irrigation regimes (complete irrigation, irrigation cut from flowering stage, irrigation cut from grain filling stage) and foliar application of humic acid (no application and foliar application of 400 mg.l-1) were placed in main plots by a factorial arrangement, and three ecotypes (Isfahan, Hamadan, Bushehr) were placed in sub plots. The results showed that the highest plant height (157.86 cm) was obtained from complete irrigation and Esfahan ecotype (153.6 cm). The highest number of sub branches (10.14) was obtained by foliar application of humic acid and Esfahan ecotype (10.16). The irrigation cut from flowering stage caused reduced thousand grain weight. The highest umbel per umbrella (24.52), grain yield (1876.95 kg.ha-1) and irrigation efficiency (531.99 grams per cubic meter) were obtained under complete irrigation with foliar application of humic acid. The highest number of umbrella was obtained from Bushehr ectype under complete irrigation conditions. Generally, Bushehr ecotype with complete irrigation and foliar application of humic acid is recommended in terms of higher grain yield, yield components and irrigation efficiency.
H. Mousavi; N. Mahdi Nezhad; B. Fakheri; M. Majdi; F. Heidari
Abstract
To investigate the effects of nano-chelate spraying of Iron, chemical -synthesis and green-synthesis silver nanoparticles on the expression of two genes, germacrene A synthase (TpGAS) and parthenolide synthase (TpPTS) genes which are involved in the parthenolide biosynthesis pathway of Tanacetum parthenium ...
Read More
To investigate the effects of nano-chelate spraying of Iron, chemical -synthesis and green-synthesis silver nanoparticles on the expression of two genes, germacrene A synthase (TpGAS) and parthenolide synthase (TpPTS) genes which are involved in the parthenolide biosynthesis pathway of Tanacetum parthenium L., a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications. The experiment took place in the greenhouse of Zabol University in Iran. At first, the total RNA from samples of leaves, and then the synthesis of cDNA were extracted. Afterward, Real Time PCR analysis was used to determine gene expression patterns. Parthenolide concentration was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis of the data was conducted by SAS software, and there was a significant increase in the expressions of both germacrene A synthase (TpGAS) and parthenolide synthase (TpPTS) genes of treated plants with green-synthesis silver nanoparticles in compare with the control plants, and some plants which were treated by chemical- synthesis silver nanoparticles and nano-chelate of Iron. Furthermore, the maximum expressions of both germacrene A synthase (TpGAS) and parthenolide synthase (TpPTS) genes were identified in groups of plants which were under the influence of drought stress, or were treated by green-synthesis silver nanoparticles. A positive relation was seen between the expressions of germacrene A synthase genes (TpGAS) and parthenolide synthase (TpPTS) genes with the amount of parthenolide itself. It can be concluded that green-synthesis silver nanoparticles and water deficit stress can cause an increase on the expressions of parthenolide and germacrene A synthase genes, and as result of that, cause an increase on parthenolide production of Tanacetum parthenium.
N. Heidari; M. Pouryousef; A. Tavakkoli; J. Saba
Abstract
To study the effect of drought stress and harvesting date on yield and essential oil production of Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), a field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, University of Zanjan during spring of 2010. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on complete randomized ...
Read More
To study the effect of drought stress and harvesting date on yield and essential oil production of Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), a field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, University of Zanjan during spring of 2010. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on complete randomized block design with three replications. The effects of water stress in three levels including control, drought stress at flowering and grain filling stages and two harvesting dates including harvest at hard dough and maturity stages were investigated. The results showed that the effect of drought stress on seed yield, total dry matter, number of umbrella in plant, 1000-seed weight, harvest index, essential oil percentage and essential oil yield was significant (p≤0.05). Majority of the mentioned traits except essential oil percentage significantly decreased (p≤0.05) under drought stress conditions but essential oil percentage increased. So the highest grain yield (622 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (20.95 kg/ha) were obtained in control treatment (full irrigation). The results also showed that the effects of harvest date on seed yield, 1000-seed weight, total dry matter, essential oil percentage and harvest index were was significant (p≤0.01). The highest seed yield (501 kg/ha) and essential oil percentage (3.85) were obtained in hard dough and maturity stages respectively.
A.R. Rezapor; M. Heidari; M. Galavi; M. Ramrodi
Abstract
In order to study the effects of water stress and different amounts of sulfur fertilizer on the grain yield, grain yield components, two osmotic components (carbohydrate and proline) and essential oil yield in Nigella sativa L. a field experimental split-plot design with three replications was conducted ...
Read More
In order to study the effects of water stress and different amounts of sulfur fertilizer on the grain yield, grain yield components, two osmotic components (carbohydrate and proline) and essential oil yield in Nigella sativa L. a field experimental split-plot design with three replications was conducted in 2009 at Ghaen city. Treatments included three levels of irrigation as 50, 100 and 150 mm evaporation from class A pan evaporation in main plot and four levels of sulfur fertilizer included 0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1 as Bentonite in sub plot. Results showed that water stress significantly affect the grain yield of Nigella sativa as grain yield decreased up to 22.8% at the level of 150 mm evaporation from the class A evaporation. Except 1000-seed weight, water stress significantly decreased all grain yield components, including biomass production, the number of capsules per plant and seeds per capsule. Maximum reduction at the highest level of water stress related to the number of seed capsules (31.64 percent). Carbohydrate and proline increased under water stress while essential oil yield decreased in Nigella sativa. Sulfur fertilizer improved grain yield as applying 225 kg/ha sulfur fertilizer increased it up to 7.2 percent. Sulfur fertilizer especially at 150 kg/ha had significant positive effects on the grain yield components, osmotic solutes and essential oil yield.
E. Arazmjo; M. Heidari; A. Ghanbari
Abstract
In order to study the effects of water stress and three sources of fertilizers on flower yield, physiological parameters (chlorophyll a and b, proline and carbohydrate concentration), sodium and potassium in Chamomile (Matricaria chamomoilla L.) a field experiment in split plot design with three replications ...
Read More
In order to study the effects of water stress and three sources of fertilizers on flower yield, physiological parameters (chlorophyll a and b, proline and carbohydrate concentration), sodium and potassium in Chamomile (Matricaria chamomoilla L.) a field experiment in split plot design with three replications was conducted in 2008 at Zabol University. Treatments included W1 (90% FC or Control), W2 (75% FC) and W3 (50% FC) as main plot and three sources of fertilizers: F1 (Control or non fertilizer application), F2 (chemical fertilizer), F3 (manure fertilizer) and F4 (compost) as sub plots. Results showed water stress at W3 treatment, reduced dry flower yield about 18.1%. In this study, however the highest flower yield was obtained from W1 and use of chemical fertilizer treatments but at W3 treatment, among the fertilizer, manure fertilizer had the best effect on flower yield in Chamomile. Water stress increased the activity of substance but the highest active substance was obtained in W2 and use of chemical fertilizer. In this experiment, chlorophyll a and b and K contents in leaves by impact of water stress decreased but free proline, total soluble carbohydrate concentration and sodium were increased under water stress. Use of manure fertilizer had the highest positive effects on physiological parameters and potassium uptake under water stress in chamomile.
E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi; M.H. Lebaschy; A. Matin; B. Naderi; M. Rezaei; M. Gholypoor; K. Alizadeh Anaraki; B. Allahverdi
Abstract
In order to study the effects of irrigation and dry farming condition on growth indices of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) an experiment was carried out in Alborz Research Center during 2005-2006. In the first year after planting, the plants viability investigated in dry farming condition and growth ...
Read More
In order to study the effects of irrigation and dry farming condition on growth indices of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) an experiment was carried out in Alborz Research Center during 2005-2006. In the first year after planting, the plants viability investigated in dry farming condition and growth physiological indices were determined. In the second year, the treatments were irrigated based on total accumulated evaporation from class A pan namely at the rate of 30 mm (mild stress), 60 mm (medium stress), 90 mm (severe stress), full irrigation (no stress) and no irrigation (control). For each treatment, the soil moisture content was measured by weighting method (daily) before and after applying irrigation treatments. The amount of water requires for each treatment was measured by water meter.In the second year, the growth physiological indices were also determined. The results showed that, at the first year, dry matter cumulated to 2250 GDD then reduced during growth. In second year, the plants with no irrigation were died. In other treatments, by increasing soil moisture from severe to medium, the dry mater cumulative and Leaf area index increased. In all of the stress treatments, decreasing in plant growth was observed in 3000 GDD. The results showed that, mild water stress had highest performance than other treatments.
Z. Baher Nik; M. Mirza; B. Abbaszadeh; M. Naderi Hajy Bagher Candy
Volume 23, Issue 3 , November 2007, , Pages 315-322
Abstract
Since the relationship between soil and water status of plants and its effect on growth, propagation and metabolism process, the effect of water stress on Parthenium argetatum, was investigated. Irrigation treatments were selected based on different percentage of field capacity (FC), including (1)a control ...
Read More
Since the relationship between soil and water status of plants and its effect on growth, propagation and metabolism process, the effect of water stress on Parthenium argetatum, was investigated. Irrigation treatments were selected based on different percentage of field capacity (FC), including (1)a control sample which was irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season (FC), (2) two moderate water stress treatments (LS1=75% and LS2=50% of field capacity) and (3) severe water stress treatments (HS=25% of field capacity). Results showed that plant RWC (relative water content) decreased from 65.8% to 42.8%. Also water stress induced high amount of sugar and proline. The amount of sugar was the highest in sever treatment (HS=2.9 mg/g FW) while it was the least in FC treatment (1.07 mg/g FW). The amount of proline was the highest in sever treatment (HS= 4.28 mM) while it changed from 1.1 in LS1, 1.56 in LS2 and the least (0.96 mM) in FC treatments.
A. Hassani
Volume 22, Issue 3 , November 2006, , Pages 256-261
Abstract
Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica) is an annual herb plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Moldavian balm is considered stomachic and sedative. Essential oil of this plant are used in pharmaceutical and food industries and possesses antimicrobial feature. To study the effects of different levels ...
Read More
Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica) is an annual herb plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Moldavian balm is considered stomachic and sedative. Essential oil of this plant are used in pharmaceutical and food industries and possesses antimicrobial feature. To study the effects of different levels of water stress on growth, yield and essential oil content of Moldavian balm, a pot experiment in randomized complete block design with four treatments and four replications was conducted. Water stress treatments were: 100% of field capacity (non-stress), 85% of field capacity (mild water stress), 70% of field capacity (moderate water stress) and 55% of field capacity (severe water stress). According to the results of statistical analysis, water stress had significant effect on growth parameters, herb yield and essential oil yield. As the soil water content decreased, plant height, stem diameter, number and length of auxiliary shoots, fresh and dry herb yield in pot and essential oil yield decreased. There was no significant difference between water stress treatments for essential oil content. The highest amounts of essential oil content (0.35 ml/100gr dry weight) and essential oil yield (0.115 ml/pot) were observed in 70% and 100% of field capacity, respectively.
A. Hassani
Abstract
Soil water supply is an important environmental factor controlling seed germination. If the water potential is reduced, seed germination will be delayed or prevented. Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is an annual herb plant of Lamiaceae family. The essential oil of basil, mainly used in food industries and perfumery, ...
Read More
Soil water supply is an important environmental factor controlling seed germination. If the water potential is reduced, seed germination will be delayed or prevented. Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is an annual herb plant of Lamiaceae family. The essential oil of basil, mainly used in food industries and perfumery, also possesses antimicrobial activity. To study the effects of water stress on seed germination and seedlings growth of basil, an experiment in completely randomized design with seven treatments and three replications was conducted. Seeds were subjected to water stress using polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) at seven concentrations (0, 5, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) representing water potentials of 0, -0.03, -0.19, -0.41, -0.67, -0.99 and -1.35 MPa. The results showed that water stress have significant effects on seed germination of basil. Seeds treated with -1.35 MPa did not germinate. The few seeds that did germinated in -0.67 and -0.99 MPa water potential, did not produce seedlings. There was no significant difference between 0 to -0.41 MPa for germination percentage. Germination rate showed significant reduction at -0.41 compared to 0, -0.03 and -0.19 MPa water potential. On the other hand, the results of this study showed that different levels of water potential (0, -0.03, -0.19 and -0.41 MPa) have significant effects on seedling growth. With decreasing water potential (from 0 to -0.41 MPa), plumule length, fresh weight of radicle, plumule and seedling decreased but radicle length, dry weight of radicle, plumule and seedling, the radicle length to plumule length ratio and the dry weight of radicle to dry weight of plumule ratio increased. It could beconcluded that in water stress condition, root growth of basil was affected lower than shoot growth.
M.H. Lebaschy; E. Sharifi ashoor abadi
Volume 20, Issue 3 , October 2004, , Pages 249-261
Abstract
Determination of medicinal plants growth under different water stresses could be well guidance for cultivation of resistant plants in dry regions. In numerous glasshouse experiments under Completely Randomized Design (CRD), 5 medicinal plants species planted separately. Plantago psyllium, Achillea ...
Read More
Determination of medicinal plants growth under different water stresses could be well guidance for cultivation of resistant plants in dry regions. In numerous glasshouse experiments under Completely Randomized Design (CRD), 5 medicinal plants species planted separately. Plantago psyllium, Achillea millefolium, Salvia officinalis, Calendula officinalis and Matricaria chamomilla were treated by well water (FC), 75%FC, 50%FC and 25%FC. Total dry matter, root weight, root length, shoot weight and height of medicinal plants were measured and analyzed separately. All of water and water stresses treatments were significant different in 1% probability. Among the medicinal plants in this experiment, Salvia officinalis and Achillea millefolium had the best growth in all water stresses treatments and conserved their freshness under sever water stress. These species could establish as the resistant medicinal plants in dry region or water deficit. Other species also completed their life cycle under sever water stress.
Z. Baher Nik; M.B. Rezaii; M. Ghorbanli; F. Asgari; M.K. Araghi
Volume 20, Issue 3 , October 2004, , Pages 263-275
Abstract
Because of the importance of water stress influence on plant growth, metabolism and yield, Satureja hortensis L. was imposed towater stress treaments. Irrigation treatments were selected basis on the different percentage of field capacity (FC), including (i) a control which was irrigated to full field ...
Read More
Because of the importance of water stress influence on plant growth, metabolism and yield, Satureja hortensis L. was imposed towater stress treaments. Irrigation treatments were selected basis on the different percentage of field capacity (FC), including (i) a control which was irrigated to full field capacity during the growing season (FC), (ii) two moderate water stress treatments during vegetative (LS1) and flowering stages(LS2)and (iii) severe water stress treatments during flowering stages(HS). Results showed that plant water potential reduced from -0.5 to 1.5 Mpa and RWC (relative water content) decreased too. Also water stress induced high amount of proline. The amount of proline was the highest in sever treatment while it changed from 0.69 to 7.36 μ M/g FW in FC, LS2 treatments.
