Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Pooran Golkar; Golnaz Arab; Mohammad Reza Vahabi; Hamidrez Eshghizadeh
Abstract
Background and objectives: Ammi visnaga L. is a medicinal and aromatic plant in the Apiaceae family. The essential oils of this plant have highly valuable aromatic compounds with valuable therapeutic and nutritional properties. Environmental stresses affect the quantity and quality ...
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Background and objectives: Ammi visnaga L. is a medicinal and aromatic plant in the Apiaceae family. The essential oils of this plant have highly valuable aromatic compounds with valuable therapeutic and nutritional properties. Environmental stresses affect the quantity and quality of essential oils (EOs) in medicinal plants. This study was carried out to evaluate the independent and combined effects of salinity and drought stresses on EOs (%) and their chemical constituents in different organs of A. visnaga (seeds and head branches) under field conditions.Methodology: This study was carried out in the research farm of Isfahan University of Technology located in Lavark, Najafabad, using a split-plot design with three replications. Each replicate consisted of two rows (3 m long) of A. visnaga seeds. Different levels of salinity stress and drought stress were considered as main plots and subplots, respectively. Three levels of salinity stress [S1 (0 mM NaCl), S2 (80 mM NaCl), and S3 (80 mM NaCl)] and three drought stress levels based on soil depletion rate [D1: normal 50%, D2: moderate stress 60% and D3: severe stress 85%] were applied. Applying salt and drought stresses simultaneously started at the flowering stage (10%) and continued until the full maturity stage. After the full maturity stage of the plants, seed yield was measured. Then, the EOs extraction was done based on the Clevenger method in about 4 hours from head branches and seed samples for all studied treatments. The chemical constituents were identified using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques.Results: The independent and combined stresses of drought and salinity caused a significant increase in EOs (%) of A.visnaga. The highest EOs in the head branch (1.26%) were detected under non-drought and medium salinity stress conditions (D1S1). The lowest EOs (0.25%) were observed under non-drought and non-salinity conditions (D1S1). The highest EOs (0.25%) in seed samples were observed under D2S2 conditions (moderate drought and salinity stress), but the least amount (0.12%) was found under D1S2 conditions (moderate salinity stress) and D1S3 (severe salinity stress). The analysis of essential EOs identified 25 compounds in both seeds and head branch samples. These compounds belong to six main chemical groups. The most and lowest compounds belonged to the groups of hydrocarbon monoterpenes and oxygenated diterpenes in both branches and seeds, respectively. Cembrene was identified as the main chemical compound in seed and head branch EOs. The lowest values for cembrene were reported as 23.32 % and 26.16% in seed and head branch EOs, respectively. The highest values for cembrene were reported as 33.31% and 36.62% in seed and head branch EOs under treatment. The compound 2-methyl-2-methylbutyl ester was identified as the second most abundant compound in the head branches and seeds of A. visnaga. The highest amount of this compound was observed in seed EOs (9.38%) under mild drought and mild salinity stress (D2S2), and the highest amount of this compound was observed in head branch EOs (18.5%) under mild drought stress (D2S1) conditions.Conclusion: According to the study results, drought and salinity stress caused a quantitative and qualitative increase in A. visnaga EOs. Considering the climatic conditions of the arid and semi-arid regions of Iran and the consequent gradual salinization of soils, this plant can be considered a plant of choice in medicinal plant breeding programs, as well as goals related to the food and pharmaceutical industries.
A. Monfared
Abstract
In order to gain knowledge on behavior of plant species in environments contaminated to mineral elements, the shoots of three wild species including Eremostachys macrophylla Monthbr & Auch, Salvia leriifolia Benth. , and Teucrium polium L., from Labiateae family were collected ...
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In order to gain knowledge on behavior of plant species in environments contaminated to mineral elements, the shoots of three wild species including Eremostachys macrophylla Monthbr & Auch, Salvia leriifolia Benth. , and Teucrium polium L., from Labiateae family were collected from the city of Kashmar and their essential oil was extracted by hydro distillation method and analyzed by GC/MS. In the oil of Eremostachys macrophyla, 21 compounds were identified, forming 92% of total oil. The major compound was α-pinene (60.1%). In the essential oil of Salvia leriifolia, 12 compounds (97% of total oil) were identified. Artemisia ketone (62.9%) and cubenol (9.4%) were identified as the major compounds. Fourteen compounds (98.8% of total oil) were identified in the oil of Teucrium polium including 1,8-cineole (21.7%), cis-chrysanthenol (13.8%), chrysanthenone (13.6%) and 3-thujopsanone (11.7%), as the major compounds. The comparison of oil percentage and also compounds showed that Eremostachys behaved differently compared to other two genera. With regard to the same collection area, three different genera from one family with different absorption ability in terms of some of the elements in the soil and also changes in secondary metabolites (in the biosynthetic pathway), it was expected that quite different results would be obtained but in this study, the two mentioned genera showed relatively similar behavior to the environment.
M.R. Akhgar; M. Moradalizadeh; A. Faghihi-Zarandi; M. Khorasanipour
Abstract
Essential oil from aerial parts of Salvia bazmanica Rech. f. & Esfand, an endemic species to Iran, was extracted using hydro-distillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-one compounds were identified in essential oil of this species through comparing retention indices and mass spectra ...
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Essential oil from aerial parts of Salvia bazmanica Rech. f. & Esfand, an endemic species to Iran, was extracted using hydro-distillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-one compounds were identified in essential oil of this species through comparing retention indices and mass spectra of each compound with that of standard compounds. β-pinene (37.5%), β-phellandrene (15.3%), α-thujene (9.5%) and α-pinene (8.9%) were determined as major constituents in the essential oil. The oil was richer in monoterpenes than in sesquiterpenes.
