Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
V. Abdossi; B. Tavakoli; A. Mehrafarin; H.A. Naghdibadi
Abstract
To evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Echinophora platyloba DC. under the influence of different drying methods, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments and three replications in 2019. The experimental treatments included fresh plant, ...
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To evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Echinophora platyloba DC. under the influence of different drying methods, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments and three replications in 2019. The experimental treatments included fresh plant, drying the plant in the shade and sun, drying the plant with an oven at three temperatures of 45, 55, and 65 °C, drying the plant with a vacuum oven at three temperatures of 45, 55, and 65 °C, and drying the plant with a microwave at three powers of 200, 400, and 600 W. The aerial parts of the plant was collected from the heights of Tuyserkan city in Hamedan province in June and was affected by the different drying methods. The essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus and then its components were identified by GC-MS. The findings of this study showed that the different methods of plant drying had a significant effect on the percentage and all the components of essential oil. The microwave drying method at 400 W, despite not being suitable for preserving the secondary metabolites of the plant, caused the highest essential oil content. The shade-drying method, despite the long drying time, was the most suitable method for preserving the essential oil composition in E. platyloba. The essential oil percentage in this study ranged from 0.06% to 0.39% and the main essential oil constituents included trans-β-ocimene (34.16-57.52%), α-phellandrene (8.87-16.52%), cis-ocimene (1.69-4.57%), b-phellandrene (2.08-9.24%), p < /em>-cymene (1.53-5.05%), β-pinene (0.73-1.94%), a-pinene (1.83-5.15%), veloutone (0.39-3.78%), trans-carveol (0.38-1.92%), linalool (0.72-3.57%), and germacrene-D (1.67-4.91%).
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
A. Mahmoudi; M. Karami; M.T. Ebadi; M. Ayyari
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of infrared drying on color parameters, essential oil content and composition of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), three different infrared intensities (125, 132, and 220 W) with three airflow velocities (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m.s-1) on a total of nine treatments were ...
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To evaluate the effect of infrared drying on color parameters, essential oil content and composition of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), three different infrared intensities (125, 132, and 220 W) with three airflow velocities (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m.s-1) on a total of nine treatments were examined in a completely randomized design, and the shade-dried plants were considered as a control treatment. The results indicated that the treatments had significant effects on drying time, color parameters, and essential oil content. The control (shade drying) and the 220 W radiation intensity with 0.5 m.s-1 air velocity treatments had the highest (2367 min) and lowest (83 min) drying time, respectively. With increasing infrared intensity, the main color parameters such as L, a, b, ΔE (total color changes) and BI (browning index) changed significantly, compared to the control; however, increasing the airflow rate caused less variation of the mentioned parameters in all levels of infrared radiation intensity than the control. The highest essential oil content (0.23% w/w) was obtained at 125 W radiation intensity with 0.5 m.s-1 air velocity and the lowest (0.12% w/w) was observed at the 220 W radiation intensity with 0.5 and 1 m.s-1 air velocity treatments. Essential oil analysis showed that the highest amount of α-bisabolol-oxide A (60.6%), (Z)-spiroether (16.5%), and chamazulene (4.6%) belonged to 132 W radiation intensity with 0.5 m.s-1 air velocity, 220 W radiation intensity with 0.5 m.s-1 air velocity, and control treatments, respectively. In general, the results of this experiment showed that due to the decreased duration of drying time, color preservation and desired essential oil content and composition, the 125 W radiation intensity with 0.5 m.s-1 air velocity treatment could be a suitable method for chamomile flowers drying.
M.T. Ebadi; F. Sefidkon; M. Azizi; N. Ahmadi
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of air velocity and infrared radiation intensity on drying time, essential oil content, and composition of Lemon Verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth), a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was carried out. The two main treatments were as follows: three air velocity ...
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To evaluate the effect of air velocity and infrared radiation intensity on drying time, essential oil content, and composition of Lemon Verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth), a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was carried out. The two main treatments were as follows: three air velocity levels (0.5, 1 & 1.5m/s) and three levels of infrared radiation intensities (0.2, 0.3 & 0.5W/cm2). After drying the samples, their essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation method and compositions of essential oil were identified with capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. Results indicated that the various treatments had significant effects on drying time and essential oil content. With decreasing air velocity and increasing radiation intensity, drying time was reduced. Minimum drying time (35 minutes) was obtained at 0.5 m/s air velocity with the use of 0.5W/cm2 radiation intensity. In contrast, the maximum drying time (65 minutes) was revealed for the sample treated with 1.5 m/s air velocity, which received concomitantly 0.4W/cm2 radiation intensity. Increasing the intensity of infrared radiation in all air velocities had a significant effect on the essential oil content, so that the maximum essential oil content (1.1%) was obtained by application of 1 &1.5 m/s air velocity and the use of 0.5W/cm2 radiation intensity. The survey of essential oil components showed that the highest amount of oxygenated monoterpenes (73.3%), especially citral (61.3%) was measured from samples dried by 0.5 m/s air velocity and 0.2W/cm2 radiation intensity. According to these results, due to the decreased duration of drying time and desired essential oil content and composition, it seems that the use of infrared radiation in conventional dryers could lead to appropriate quality of essential oil.
Z. Azimzadeh; A. Hassani; M. Esmaiili
Abstract
Anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum [Pursh] Kuntze) is a medicinal and perennial herb, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The essential oil of this plant is a rich source of Methyl Chavicol, giving antifungal and antibacterial properties to this plant. To evaluate the effect of different drying methods ...
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Anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum [Pursh] Kuntze) is a medicinal and perennial herb, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The essential oil of this plant is a rich source of Methyl Chavicol, giving antifungal and antibacterial properties to this plant. To evaluate the effect of different drying methods on the essential oil content and composition of Anise hyssop, the leaves were harvested at full flowering stage and dried by four methods (shade drying, sun drying, oven drying at 40, 60 and 80°C, and microwave oven drying at 180, 360, 540, 720, and 900W) in a completely randomized design with four replications. The drying process was continued until the moisture content of samples reached around 0.11 based on dry weight. Dried leaves were subjected to hydro-distillation using a Clevenger type apparatus to extract the essential oil. The oil samples were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results showed that drying methods had significant effect on the drying time and essential oil content. Minimum (4 minutes) and maximum (64 hours) drying time were obtained at 900 W microwave power and shade drying, respectively. The highest (1.51%) and the lowest (0.56%) essential oil content were observed in shade drying and microwave drying in 900 W, respectively. The results of essential oil analysis showed Methyl Chavicol was the main component of essential oil ranging from 83.1% (shade drying) to 94.6% (microwave drying at 720W). Overall, the findings of this study showed that shade drying in spite of long drying time was the best drying method. However, oven drying at 40°C or microwave method in low powers is recommended when our goal is fast drying and achieving essential oil with high percentage of methyl chavicol.
M.T. Ebadi; M. Rahmati; M. Azizi; M. Hassanzadeh Khayyat
Abstract
Drying is one of the important pre-processing methods of medicinal plants after harvest that has a major role in quantity and quality of their active substances. To determine the effect of different drying methods on drying time, essential oil content and composition of Savory (Satureja hortensis L.), ...
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Drying is one of the important pre-processing methods of medicinal plants after harvest that has a major role in quantity and quality of their active substances. To determine the effect of different drying methods on drying time, essential oil content and composition of Savory (Satureja hortensis L.), the experiment was carried out during 2008. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with three replications and treatments were: two temperatures: 50°C and 70°C, six microwave powers: 100, 180, 300, 450, 600 and 900 w and drying in shade and under sun light. The drying process was continued until the mass of the sample reduced to a moisture content of about 0.10 on a dry weight basis or 10% on a wet weight basis. Results indicated that different treatments of drying method had significant effects on drying time and essential oil content. The maximum essential oil content (3%) obtained from drying at 70°C and drying in shade while minimum content (0.9%) obtained from drying under sun light. One hundred and 300 w microwave powers had an average content of essential oil (2.3%). Carvacrol content percentage in treatments of microwave drying was more than other methods as maximum percentage (63.9 %) was obtained from 300 w microwave drying with a little difference with 180 w microwave drying treatment. Drying by low microwave powers is recommended for Satureja hortensis L. due to the reduction of drying time and considerable maintenance of essential oil content and composition. Maximum γ-terpinene content (28.2%) obtained from drying at 70°C with a low difference with 50°C, 100 and 300 w microwave.
M. Azizi; M. Rahmati; T. Ebadi; M. Hasanzadeh khayyat
Abstract
Field experiment was carried out at the Ferdowsi University Research Field, Mashhad, Iran during 2007-2008, to determine the effect of different drying temperatures, microwave powers and natural method (shaded and sunny area) in Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L., Asteraceae) essential oil content, chamazolene ...
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Field experiment was carried out at the Ferdowsi University Research Field, Mashhad, Iran during 2007-2008, to determine the effect of different drying temperatures, microwave powers and natural method (shaded and sunny area) in Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L., Asteraceae) essential oil content, chamazolene content, drying time and drying rate. The experimental design was completely randomized block design having three temperatures: 50, 60 and 70 °C, six microwave powers: 100, 180, 300, 450, 600 and 900w and drying in shaded and sunny area, replicated thrice. The drying process was continued until the mass of the sample reduced to a moisture content of about 0.10 on a dry basis or 10% on a wet basis. The results indicate that different treatments of drying had a significant effect on the drying time and rate and essential oil and chamazolene content. The maximum essential oil content obtained at drying by the lowest temperatures and drying in shaded area. Whereas, higher drying temperatures of oven and microwave powers and drying in sunny area decreased the essential oil content. Maximum chamazolene content obtained at microwave drying (except 100w power) and natural method. Minimum chamazolene content was obtained at drying by oven.
