Agriculture and horticulture
A. Rafati; N. Valizadeh; F. Sefidkon; Y. Imani; F. Noormand Moaied
Abstract
Nepeta crassifolia Boiss. & Buhse, from Lamiaceae family, is an aromatic species with medicinal properties which is endemic to Iran. The seeds and aerial parts of this plant were collected from six different regions of East Azerbaijan province. After drying, the plant aerial parts essential oil was ...
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Nepeta crassifolia Boiss. & Buhse, from Lamiaceae family, is an aromatic species with medicinal properties which is endemic to Iran. The seeds and aerial parts of this plant were collected from six different regions of East Azerbaijan province. After drying, the plant aerial parts essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and their compounds were identified by GC and GC/MS. The collected seeds, after producing greenhouse seedlings, were planted in the field in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In the second year after planting, the flowering shoots were harvested, dried, and distilled. The results showed that there was significant differences among essential oil percentage of natural habitat samples which the highest amount belonged to "Marand" region, but the farm essential oil samples did not differ with each other significantly. The compounds nepetalactone I (4aα, 7α, 7aα) and II (4aα, 7α, 7aβ), globulol, germacrene B, caryophyllene oxide, and 1,8-cineole were identified as the main essential oil compounds of this species. The highest amount of nepetalactone I or II under the natural habitat (69% and 21.7%, respectively) and field (27.3% and 51.5%, respectively) conditions belonged to "Misho" region in "Marand". "Sarab" region also had the highest amount of nepetalactone II under the natural habitat and farm conditions compared to the other samples. The highest amount of 1,8-cineole (21.8%) in the oil was also obtained from the natural habitat of "Kharil" region.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Babaei; F. Sefidkon; M. Nasiri
Abstract
Two species Nepeta cataria L. and Nepeta bracteata Benth. (fam. lamiaceae) are native to Iran. To study the quantity and quality of the two species essential oil in the field, the seeds of eight populations from these two species were collected from natural habitats and planted in a randomized complete ...
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Two species Nepeta cataria L. and Nepeta bracteata Benth. (fam. lamiaceae) are native to Iran. To study the quantity and quality of the two species essential oil in the field, the seeds of eight populations from these two species were collected from natural habitats and planted in a randomized complete block design in Alborz Research Station of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (Karaj, Alborz province). The flowering branches were harvested at the full flowering stage and after room temperature-drying, their essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation, and analyzed and identified by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil yield of N. cataria populations varied between 0.02 (Karaj) and 0.50% (Arak). Twenty-three compounds were identified in the essential oil of this species, and the main compound in all populations was from nepetalactone isomers. NepetalactoneIII (4aα,7β,7aα-nepetalactone) and nepetalactoneI (4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone) constituted 44.4 (Karaj) to 91.6% (Arak) and 0.8 (Karaj) to 15.9% (Bafgh1) of the essential oil, respectively. NepetalactoneII (4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone) was observed only in the population Bafgh2 (21.2%). The amount of 1,8-cineole in the essential oil of different N. cataria populations varied from 0.4 (Taft1) to 12.8% (Karaj). The essential oil yield of N. bractaeta populations was obtained between 0.02 (Ardakan) and 0.70% (Taft2). Twenty-seven compounds were identified in the essential oil of this species, and the main compounds were 1,8-cineole (1.0, 9.6, and 41.0% in Tabas, Ardakan, and Taft2, respectively) and geranyl acetate (0.9, 3.4, and 39.8% in Tabas, Taft2, and Ardakan, respectively). In general, the results showed that the N. cataria populations were all from the same chemotype, but N. bracteata populations were from two chemotypes (ct. geranyl acetate and ct. 1,8-cineole).
M.H. Asareh; M.M. Barazandeh; K. Jaimand
Volume 20, Issue 4 , January 2018, , Pages 469-476
Abstract
Eucalyptus porosa was collected from Dezfool (Fadak Garden) in Martch 2004.Dry leaves of it were hydrodistilled in a clevenger type apparatus for 20 min. to produce an oil at the yield of 0.57%(based on dry leaves).In order of quantitavely and qualitavely analyses, the oil was injected to GC.Among Twenty-one ...
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Eucalyptus porosa was collected from Dezfool (Fadak Garden) in Martch 2004.Dry leaves of it were hydrodistilled in a clevenger type apparatus for 20 min. to produce an oil at the yield of 0.57%(based on dry leaves).In order of quantitavely and qualitavely analyses, the oil was injected to GC.Among Twenty-one compounds which were identified in the oil, 1,8-cineole (58.6%), α–pinene(12.8%) and nopinone (3.11%) were the major constituents, respectively.
Sh. Ahmadi; M. Mirza; F. Askari
Abstract
N. elymatica Bornm. is one of the endemic species in the genus Nepeta in Iran. This genus has important aromatic species. So far, 79 species have been reported from Iran, of which 39 species are endemic. The aim of this study was to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil of N. elymatica ...
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N. elymatica Bornm. is one of the endemic species in the genus Nepeta in Iran. This genus has important aromatic species. So far, 79 species have been reported from Iran, of which 39 species are endemic. The aim of this study was to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil of N. elymatica Bornm. The flowering branches of this species were collected in July from Oshterankuh, Kamandan region of Azna. After drying at room temperature, the flowering branches of the plant were subjected to hydro-distillation. The oil yield was calculated and the oil composition was identified by GC and GC/MS analysis and retention index. Results showed that the yield oil of this species was 0.95% w/w and 27 components were identified, among which 1,8-cineole (20.6%), 4a-a,7-a,7a-a-nepetalactone (17.5%), E-caryophyllene (15%) and linalool (5.8%), were the main compounds.
M. Layeghhaghighi; M. Hassanpour Asil; B. Abbaszadeh; F. Sefidkon; M. Matinizadeh
Abstract
About 67 species of the genus Nepeta have been found in Iran and Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad is endemic to Iran. In order to investigate the effect of water deficit on Nepetapogonosperma, an experiment was conducted under field conditions in 2015, at the Alborz Research Station, Research Institute of ...
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About 67 species of the genus Nepeta have been found in Iran and Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad is endemic to Iran. In order to investigate the effect of water deficit on Nepetapogonosperma, an experiment was conducted under field conditions in 2015, at the Alborz Research Station, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Karaj, Iran. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments consisted of three levels: 30, 60, and 90% of field capacity. Harvesting was done in full flowering stage. Essential oil was extracted by distillation for 2 hours and 30 minutes. The percentage of essential oil components was determined using GC and GC/MS. In the Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad essential oil, 16 components were identified and the highest percentage of 15 components including α-thujene, α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-terpinene, ρ-cymene, e-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone, 4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone, E-caryophyllene and β-bisabolene was related to the control treatment. Analysis of variance revealed that water deficit significantly affected the essential oil percentage, yield, and components detected. The highest essential oil percentage with an average of 3.18% belonged to the severe stress treatment (30% FC). The highest oil yield (78.321 kg per hectare) was recorded for the moderate stress treatment (60% FC). The highest content of 1.8-cineole belonged to 30% FC. The highest total content of nepetalactone with an average of 28.2% was obtained in the control group. Our results clearly showed that severe and moderate water deficit stress could be recommended for the production of plants with high essential oil content. However, no water deficit stress is recommended to obtain high content of nepetalactone.
M. Ghanbari; M.K. Souri
Abstract
Genus Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) consists of about 110-130 species. Nineteen species grow naturally in Iran of which seven are endemic. In this study, chemical composition of the essential oils of seven Achillea populations growing wild in northwest Iran, during the flowering period were investigated. ...
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Genus Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) consists of about 110-130 species. Nineteen species grow naturally in Iran of which seven are endemic. In this study, chemical composition of the essential oils of seven Achillea populations growing wild in northwest Iran, during the flowering period were investigated. The aerial parts were collected from Zonoz, Basmenj, Pirbala, Bonab, Shabestar, Kondlaj and Jolfa regions from Eest Azerbaijan province in May and June 2011. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation method and analyzed by combination of GC-FID and GC-MS. Mean essential oil yield was calculate to be 0.1%, 0.4%, 0.1%,0.2%, 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.4% (w/w) for Zonoz, Basmenj, Pirbala, Bonab, Shabestar, Kondlaj and Jolfa, respectively. Overall, 35, 38, 48, 43, 45, 37 and 42 compounds were identified from Zonoz, Basmenj, Pirbala, Bonab, Shabestar, Kondlaj and Jolfa, respectively. The main constituents of the oils were δ-cadinol (23.3-3.7%), 1,8-cineole (18.5-7.7%), trans-nerolidole (2.6-11.3%), germacrene D (2.7-10.9%), alpha-pinene (1.06-9.44%), borneole (0.0-6.5%) and pinocarvone (2.8-6.3%). According to the obtained results, Basmenj and Zonoz are recommended as two suitable regions for the extraction of 1,8-cineol and δ-cadinol.
M.R. Akhgar; D. Ghazanfari; H. Rahbari
Abstract
The genus Nepeta, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, has 67 species in Iran, most of which are endemic. In this study we provide a qualitative and quantitative comparison of essential oil of leaves, flowers, stems and roots. Nepeta bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Bornm., an endemic and aromatic species, was ...
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The genus Nepeta, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, has 67 species in Iran, most of which are endemic. In this study we provide a qualitative and quantitative comparison of essential oil of leaves, flowers, stems and roots. Nepeta bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Bornm., an endemic and aromatic species, was collected from Hezar mountain, Kerman province, Iran, in May 2011. The essential oils of leaves, flowers, stems and roots of the plantwere separately extracted using hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In the leaf and flower oils, 38 and 19 components were identified, representing 98.% and 94.5% of the total oils, with 4aβ,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone (29.2% and 26.8%), 1,8-cineole (19.6% and 14.6%), 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (6.6% and 19.5%) and β-pinene (18.9% and 11.4%) as the main constituents, respectively. The stem oil was characterized by higher amount of 4aβ,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone (39.8%), caryophyllene oxide (24.1%) and 1,8-cineole (12.8%) among the 9 components comprising 95.8% of the total oil. Furthermore, 12 compounds were identified in the root oil, representing 99.3% of the total oil. 4aβ,7α,7aβ-Nepetalactone (73.2%) and 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (13.4%) isomers were found to be the major constituents. As a result, nepetalactone was the dominant component in the essential oils of N. bornmuelleri.
A. Assarzadeh; H. Azarnivand; F. Sefidkon; H. Arzani; M.A. Zare-Chahooki
Abstract
The essential oil yield and chemical composition of the aerial parts of Artemisia sieberi Besser were investigated in two sites of grazed and ungrazed rangelands. Plant sampling was performed from 2 sites in Ahmadabad, located in Semnan province at the beginning of flowering stage in October 2010. The ...
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The essential oil yield and chemical composition of the aerial parts of Artemisia sieberi Besser were investigated in two sites of grazed and ungrazed rangelands. Plant sampling was performed from 2 sites in Ahmadabad, located in Semnan province at the beginning of flowering stage in October 2010. The samples of inflorescences of plants were collected from 5 random points of each site. Then, air-dried parts of the plants were subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Analysis and identification of chemical composition of the essential oils were performed by GC and GC/MS. There was no significant difference between the oil yields of Artemisia sieberi in 2 investigated sites. In ungrazed and grazed sites, the main components of essential oils were respectively, Camphor (48/03%), 1,8-Cineole (15/96%), Camphene (10/32%) and Camphor (51/82%), Camphene (10/86%), 1,8-Cineole (9/52%). According to the results, significant differences were recorded for Thuja-2,4(10)-diene (p<0.05) and α –Terpineol (p<0.01) between two studied sites. No significant differences were observed for the percentage of other componenets between 2 investigated sites. Also, comparison of the economic value of oil in one hectare with total area of the grazed and ungrazed rangelands showed that garzing caused a reduction in economic efficiency of oil.
M.R. Akhgar; A. Pourmirzaie; M. Moradalizadeh; T. Salarkarimi
Abstract
The genus Neogaillonia, belonging to the Rubiaceae family, has 4 species in Iran. This research was aimed to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Neogaillonia eriantha, from endemic species of Iran. The aerial parts of Neogaillonia eriantha (Jaub. & Spach) ...
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The genus Neogaillonia, belonging to the Rubiaceae family, has 4 species in Iran. This research was aimed to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Neogaillonia eriantha, from endemic species of Iran. The aerial parts of Neogaillonia eriantha (Jaub. & Spach) Lincz., were collected from the area between Sirjan and Hajiabad, at a height of 2900 m, Kerman province, Iran during May 2010. Essential oil of the aerial parts of the plant was extracted using hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The average essential oil yield was 0.2% (w/w). Essential oil compounds were identified by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-two compounds, representing 99.6% of the total oil, were identified in the essential oil. The main constituents were β-pinene (17.1%), 1,8-cineole (15.4%), δ-3-carene (11.4%), piperitone (11.3%), α-pinene (9.1%), and limonene (8.7%). As a result, monoterpenes (95.9%) were the main group of compounds found in the essential oil of the species.
S.F. Mirahmadi; M.R. Hasandokht; F. Sefidkon; M.E. Hassani
Abstract
Achillea biebersteinii Afan. is a member of Asteraceae and occurs wild in different parts of the world including Europe, Turkey, Iran and central Asia. In addition to traditional medicine, the plant is also considered in modern medicine and different industries because of its essential oil characteristics. ...
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Achillea biebersteinii Afan. is a member of Asteraceae and occurs wild in different parts of the world including Europe, Turkey, Iran and central Asia. In addition to traditional medicine, the plant is also considered in modern medicine and different industries because of its essential oil characteristics. The present study was conducted to investigate the essential oil content and composition of nine populations of A. biebersteinii collected from different ports of Khorassan Province. For this purpose, after calculating essential oil content of each population with three independent experiments, chemical constituents of oils were identified by means of GC and GC-MS analyses. The results showed that Golool (1.62%) and Chelmir (1.60%) contained the highest amount of essential oil. Totally, 23 components were characterized in the essential oil of all populations with oxygenated monoterpens (47.9-73.1%) as the principle fraction. While 1,8-cineole, nepetalactone, p-cymene, a-terpinene and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate were identified as the prevalent constituents of all investigated essential oils, lavandulyl 2-methyl butyrate and cis-chrysanthenol were the rarest ones. Due to the high content of essential oil and high levels of 1,8-cineole, nepetalactone derivatives and p-cymene which are well-known biologically active compounds, Golool and Azghad populations seem to be suitable for application in relevant industries.
M.R. Akhgar; M. Moradalizadeh
Abstract
The genus Nepeta (Labiatae) with the common Persian name of “Pune-sa” includes 67 species in Iran and Nepeta schiraziana Boiss. is one of its endemic species. In this study, the stems, flowers and leaves of Nepeta schiraziana were collected from Sepidan region in north-west of Fars Province. ...
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The genus Nepeta (Labiatae) with the common Persian name of “Pune-sa” includes 67 species in Iran and Nepeta schiraziana Boiss. is one of its endemic species. In this study, the stems, flowers and leaves of Nepeta schiraziana were collected from Sepidan region in north-west of Fars Province. The essential oils of stems, flowers and leaves of the plant were separately obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In each oils of the stem and flower, fourteen components were identified with 1,8-cineole (45.6% and 39.4%), germacrene D (17.4% and 15.8%), and β-caryophyllene (11.7% and 10.6%) as the main constituents, respectively. Furthermore, 1,8-cineole (38.5%), β-caryophyllene (14.2%), and caryophyllene oxide (11.7%) were the major components among the 18 constituents characterized in the leaf oil. As a result, 1,8-cineole was the dominant compound in the investigated oils while nepetalactone isomers reported in many Nepeta species, were not identified in Nepeta schiraziana.
H. Batooli; J. Safaei-Ghomi
Abstract
Nepeta L. genus belongs to Labiatae family that has important medicinal and aromatic species. More than 250 species in world and 67 annual and pernnial species in Iran have been reported. In this investigation, essential oil composition of Nepeta gloeocephala Rech. f., Nepeta sessilifolia Bunge and Nepeta ...
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Nepeta L. genus belongs to Labiatae family that has important medicinal and aromatic species. More than 250 species in world and 67 annual and pernnial species in Iran have been reported. In this investigation, essential oil composition of Nepeta gloeocephala Rech. f., Nepeta sessilifolia Bunge and Nepeta laxiflora Benth have been staudied. The species are endemic to Iran and have natural habitats in Dorien, Ghohroud and Mashhad-e-ardahal of Kashan. The flowering branches of these species were collected in spring and summer and dried in shade (at room temperature). The flowering branches of the species subjected to volatile fraction were isolated by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 or 4 hours. After decanting and drying of the oils over anhydrous sodium sulfate, they were stored in vial at low temperature (4ºC) before analysis. The analysis of the oils was performed using GC and GC-MS. The results showed that, the essential oil of Nepeta gloeocephala Rech. f. was yellow in 1/3% (v/w) yield and 29 components were identified, among them, 1,8-Cineole (35.2%), Beta-pinene (21.8%), sabinene (7.8%), (E)-beta ocimen (7.1%), alpha-pinene (7.1%) and (Z)-ocimene (6.9%) were the major compounds. The essential oil of Nepeta sessilifolia Bunge was bright yellow in 0.65% (v/w) yield and 33 components were characterized, among them, spathulenol (25.8%), lavandulyl acetate (16.7%), limonene (6.4%) and geranyl acetate (4.17%) were identified. The essential oil of Nepeta laxiflora Benth was sharp yellow in 0.175% (v/w) yield and 30 components were identified, among them, alpha-pinene (19.7%), 1,8-cineole (11.8%), alpha-bisabolol (6.9%), delta-cadinene (6.8%), germacreneD-4-ol (6.2%), and caryophyllene oxide (4.4%) were main compounds.
B. Torabi Sagvand; M. Naderi Hadji Bagher Kandi; L. Sadeghzadeh
Abstract
Essential oils in aromatic plants are one of the valuable classes of natural product with medicinal properties. Many species from the genus of Eucalyptus contain essential oils and these oils could be used because of their antimicrobial effects. In this research, the essential oils of ten Eucalyptus ...
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Essential oils in aromatic plants are one of the valuable classes of natural product with medicinal properties. Many species from the genus of Eucalyptus contain essential oils and these oils could be used because of their antimicrobial effects. In this research, the essential oils of ten Eucalyptus species were obtained by hydro-distillation and examined against Escheichia coli (1330) and Micrococcus loteus (1110). The Eucalyptus species were Eucalyptus gilli, E. microcarpa, E. kingesmillii, E. loxophleba, E. gongylocarpa, E. salubris, E. erythrocorys, E. salmonophloia, E. spathulata and E. flocktoniae. The essential oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Antimicrobial effects of essential oils were evaluated after dilution with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) through agar diffusion method. The results showed that the main component of all essential oils was 1,8-cineole and α-pinene. The highest amount of 1,8-cineole (82.1%) was found in the oil of E. kingesmillii and the lowest amount (59.6%) was found in the oil of E. salubris. The results showed that all oils were effective against two bacteria. The diameters of inhibitory zones on Micrococcus loteus and Escheichia coli were 10 to 49 mm and 10 to 22 mm respectively.
M. Naderi Hajibagher kandi; F. Sefidkon; A. Azizi; M.R. Pourheravi
Abstract
Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) is an evergreen shrub widely distributed in the Mediterranean area and Southern Europe. Laurus nobilis is widely found in north of Iran and other places and its cultivation has been common due to evergreen leaves and beautiful appearance. Due to the relationship between ...
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Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) is an evergreen shrub widely distributed in the Mediterranean area and Southern Europe. Laurus nobilis is widely found in north of Iran and other places and its cultivation has been common due to evergreen leaves and beautiful appearance. Due to the relationship between distillation time and oil yield and composition, doing research on optimum distillation time to obtain the best quality and quantity of essential oils with the lowest energy consumption has been always considered by scientists. In this study, the effect of different extraction times including 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 minutes on the essential oils content and composition of Laurus nobilis leaves was investigated. The leaves of laurus nobilis were collected in July 2009 from National Botanical Garden of Iran in Tehran, and dried in shade. The essential oil of leaves was extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The leaf oil yield based on dry weight in 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 minutes were respectively 1.35%, 1.92%, 1.97%, 2%, 2.37%, 2.49%, 2.58% and 2.60%. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in oil yield of 90, 105 and 120 minutes extraction times. According to the results, with a view to quantity, 90 minutes was identified as the best extraction time for essential oil extraction in laurus nobilis. 1, 8-cineole and sabinene were identified as the major components of the leaf oil respectively within 15 minutes and after 45 minutes. α-terpinyl acetate remained constant in all extraction times.
N. Esfahanianfard; F. Sefidkon; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki
Abstract
To investigate variations in the essential oil content and composition, leaves of three Eucalyptus species named E. melliodora, E. kingsmilli and E. dundasii were collected in the middle of four seasons during two years from two warm regions, Dezful and Shushtar in South of Iran. The essential oils were ...
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To investigate variations in the essential oil content and composition, leaves of three Eucalyptus species named E. melliodora, E. kingsmilli and E. dundasii were collected in the middle of four seasons during two years from two warm regions, Dezful and Shushtar in South of Iran. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and the oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The maximum oil yield of E. melliodora was obtained in winter (3.1-3.9%) and spring (2.6-2.7%) from Shushtar samples, and in autumn (1.7-2.0%) from Dezful samples. The highest percentage of 1,8-cineole was found in winter and autumn in both regions. The maximum oil yield of E. kingsmilli was obtained in winter (2.8-3.1%) from Shushtar samples, and in authumn (2.7-3.2%) from Dezful samples. The highest percentage of 1, 8-cineole was found in winter and autumn in Shushtar and autumn, spring and winter in Dezful. The maximum oil yield of E. dundasii was obtained in winter (2.8-4.7%) from Shushtar samples, and in summer (0.9%) from Dezful samples. The highest percentage of 1, 8-cineole was found in spring and autumn in Shudhtar and spring in Dezful. There were also some variations in the amounts of other major and minor components. According to the results and to achieve a suitable quality and quantity of Eucalyptus essential oil, cultivation of E. melliodora in Shushtar and Dezful is recommended. For obtaining the highest oil yield and 1,8-cineole content from the mentioned Eucalyptus species, the best harvesting time for E. melliodora is spring and winter in Shushtar and autumn in Dezful. Cultivation of E. kingsmilli in Dezful is more suitable than that in Shushtar and the best harvesting time is spring and autumn in Shushtar and autumn in Dezful. Cultivation of E. dundasii is also recommended in Shushtar while not in Dezful due to its low yield and quality of essential oil. The best harvesting time for E. dundasii in Shushtar is winter (the highest oil yield) and spring (the highest 1, 8-cineole percentage).
Z. Dehghan; F. Sefidkon; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki; R. Kalvandi
Abstract
Different species from Labiatea family are used as spices and fragrance in food or as medicine for treatment of viral or microbial diseases in many countries. Labiatea family contains 46 genus and 410 species. One of the valuable and medicinal species of this family is Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. subsp. ...
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Different species from Labiatea family are used as spices and fragrance in food or as medicine for treatment of viral or microbial diseases in many countries. Labiatea family contains 46 genus and 410 species. One of the valuable and medicinal species of this family is Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. subsp. rigida (Boiss.). This species contains essential oil with pulegone as major compound. In this investigation, the effect of some ecological factors on essential oil content and composition of Z. clinopodioides was studied. The aerial parts of Z. clinopodioides have been collected at flowering stage from four habitats in Hamedan and Kurdestan provinces. The major parameters like altitude, side and slope percentage, soil characteristics and other species of plant were determined. The plant materials have been subjected to hydro-distillation in three replications to obtain their essential oils. The essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed that ecological factors had significant effect (a=0.01) on oil yields. Identification of chemical constituents of the oils showed that main compounds (pulegone and 1,8-cineole) and minor compounds exist in different percentage in different habitats. Therfore, the ecological factors affected essential oil composition of Z. clinopodioides.
M.H. Assareh; M. Sedaghati; Kh. Kiarostami; A. Ghamari Zare
Abstract
Eucalyptus is a growing tree used for agro-forestry, industrial and medical consumptions E. maculata Hook. is one of the most important species of eucalyptus from chemical components and medical applications point of view. The leaves of E. maculata were collected in various seasons from Khuzestan provinces ...
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Eucalyptus is a growing tree used for agro-forestry, industrial and medical consumptions E. maculata Hook. is one of the most important species of eucalyptus from chemical components and medical applications point of view. The leaves of E. maculata were collected in various seasons from Khuzestan provinces (tropical region station Dezfoul, Safi Abad). Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and were analysed by GC and GC/MS. The highest and the lowest essential oil yields were found in autumn and spring, respectively. Major compositions were 1,8-cineole (22.5% in winter), citronellal (15% in spring) and citronellol (35% in summer). The most perfumed compositions were in summer (46%). Also the most compound was citronellol in the whole seasons and citronellyl acetate amount had fixed in the whole year.
M. Naderi Hagibaghercandi; F. Sefidkon; M.R. Poorherave; M. Mirza
Abstract
Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) is an evergreen tree and growing in favorable condition to a height of about 15-20 meter. This ornamental tree is indigenous to the Mediterranean area and southeast part of Europe. The essential oil obtained from Laurus nobilis has been used for anti larvae, rheumatic pains ...
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Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) is an evergreen tree and growing in favorable condition to a height of about 15-20 meter. This ornamental tree is indigenous to the Mediterranean area and southeast part of Europe. The essential oil obtained from Laurus nobilis has been used for anti larvae, rheumatic pains and muscular convulsion. Laurel is usually considered as the natural source of this compound, used in the flavor, cosmetic and fragrance industries. In the present study the leaves of Laurus nobilis were collected from two locations (Botanical Garden of Noshahr and National Botanical Garden of Iran in Tehran) in March 2009 and dried in shade. In addition the green stems and fruits were collected from Noshahr. The essential oil of all samples were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The oil yields based on dry weight for stem, leaf and fruit are respectively 0.22%, 0.43% and 1.35% (for Noshahr samples) and 3.86% for the leaves of Tehran sample. Twenty-fore, 27, 37 and 20 components were identified in the essential oils of stem, leaf, fruit (for Noshahr) and leaf (for Tehran) of Laurus nobilis (representing 95%, 98.5%, 95.6% and 98.4% of the oils), respectively. The major components in the stem oil were 1,8-cineole (42.9%), α-terpinyl acetate (16.8%) and sabinene(4.7%). The main compounds in leaf oil were 1,8-cineole (58.2%), α-terpinyl acetate (10%) and sabinene(7.2%) and main compounds in leaf oil in Tehran sample were 1,8-cineole (47%), sabinene(13.9%) andα -terpinyl acetate (11.5%). The major components in fruit oil were E-β-ocimene (20.8%), 1,8-cineole (14.4%), α-terpinyl acetate (8.5%), germacrene B (7.8%), α-pinene (6.6%), germacrene D (6%), sabinene(5.4%) and β-pinene (5.1%). The results obtained from this study showed that the oil yields from the stem was lower than leaves but in both stem and leaf oils the major components were similar. The fruit oil contained high amount of E-β-ocimene.
E. Fathi; F. Sefidkon; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki; Z. Abravesh; M.H. Assareh
Volume 25, Issue 1 , May 2009, , Pages 64-74
Abstract
In this research, the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus largiflorens were collected in the middle of spring from Kashan in Isfahan province. After drying the plant materials in oven 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, sun and shade, their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. In addition, the essential ...
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In this research, the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus largiflorens were collected in the middle of spring from Kashan in Isfahan province. After drying the plant materials in oven 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, sun and shade, their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. In addition, the essential oil of shade-dried sample was obtained by two other distillation methods (water and steam distillation and direct steam distillation). The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Oil yields (w/w) of the oven-dried 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, sun-dried and shade-dried sample were 1.37%, 1.58%, 1.59%, 1.31% and 1.32% respectively. 1,8-cineole (25.0%, 26.2%, 40.6%, 29.7% and 24.6%), P-cymene (17.2%, 17.4%, 20.3%, 20.5% and 17.1%) and α-pinene (16.2%, 12.6%, 14.4%, 7.2% and 9.9%) were identified as the main components in oven-dried 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, sun-dried and shade-dried sample, respectively. On the other hand, the oil yields were 0.92% and 0.77% in water and steam distillation and direct steam distillation. In different drying methods the result showed the oil yield and 1,8-cineole percentage were higher in oven-dried 50°C sample and in different distillation the oil yield in hydro-distillation was higher and the highest percentage of 1,8-cineole was obtained by water and steam distillation.
Z. Abravesh; F. Sefidkon; M.H. Assareh
Volume 23, Issue 3 , November 2007, , Pages 323-330
Abstract
The fresh leaves of five cultivated Eucalyptus species, i.e. Eucalyptus stricklandii Maiden, E. brockwayii, E. sargentii Maiden, E. largiflorens F. Muelland E. kruseana F. Muell were collected in the spring from Shushtar in Khuzestan province (South region of Iran). After drying the plant materials in ...
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The fresh leaves of five cultivated Eucalyptus species, i.e. Eucalyptus stricklandii Maiden, E. brockwayii, E. sargentii Maiden, E. largiflorens F. Muelland E. kruseana F. Muell were collected in the spring from Shushtar in Khuzestan province (South region of Iran). After drying the plant materials in shade, their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Seventeen components were identified in the oil of E. stricklandii with 1,8-cineole (71.2%) and α-pinene (9.2%) as the main constituents. Twenty-five compounds were identified in the oil of E. brockwayii with 1,8-cineole (17.8 %), isopentyl isovalerate (17.2%), α-pinene (14.0%), trans-pinocarveole (12%), β-pinene(7.5%) and ρ-cymene ( 5.3%) as major components. Sixteen compounds were characterized in the oil of E. sargentii with 1,8-cineole (56.7%), β-eudesmol (6.0%) and α-pinene (4.9%) as the main constituents. Fifteen components were identified in the oil of E. largiflorens with 1,8-cineole (41.3%), spathulenol (11.6%) and virdiflorol (15.9%) as major components. Fifteen components were identified in the oil of E. kruseana with 1,8-cineole (63.3%) and α-pinene (15.9%) as the main constituents. The results showed, although 1,8-cineole was the main component of the essential oils of all the studied Eucalyptus species, its relative content was higher in the oil of E. stricklandii.
R. Abbas Azimi; F. Sefidkon; Z. Jamzad; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki
Abstract
Vitex L. (250 species) is a large tropical genus with a few temperate species. Examining the morphological characters of leave, stem, corolla and calyx together, with the micro-morphological observations, revealed the occurrence of four species in the flora of Iran. These species are V. agnus-castus, ...
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Vitex L. (250 species) is a large tropical genus with a few temperate species. Examining the morphological characters of leave, stem, corolla and calyx together, with the micro-morphological observations, revealed the occurrence of four species in the flora of Iran. These species are V. agnus-castus, V. negundo, V. trifolia and V. pseudo-negundo. In this research, four species of Vitex werecollected in flowering stage from their natural habitats. Hydro-distillation method was used to obtaining the essential oils. Essential oils components were identified by capillary GC and GC/MS. In the oil of V. agnus-castus, the main components of essential oil were monoterpenoids (82.8%) with 1,8-cineole (18.5%), α-pinene (17.8%) and limonene (15.7%) as major components. In the oil of V. pseudo-negundo, the main components of the essential oil were sesquiterpenoids (50.7%) which have the highest amount in comparing with other species and include α-guaiene (14.2%), germacrene D (11/6%) and α-cadinol (10%). Also the monoterpenoids of the oil of this species were α-pinene (10.3-24.5%), limonene (4.4-12.8%) and 1,8-cineole (10.9%). In the oil of V. negundo the major components were monoterpenoids (66.6%), among them 1,8-cineole (20.8%) and α-pinene (18.8%) were the main components. In the oil of V. trifolia, the major components were monoterpenoids (67.1%) and the main constituents were identified as sabinene (24.6%) and α- pinene (23.9%). 1,8-cineole was not found in the oil of this species. β-caryophyllene was identified at higher percentage (10.5%) in the oil of V. trifolia
K. Jaimand; M.H. Assareh; M.B. Rezaee; M.M. Brazandeh
Abstract
Two Eucalyptus species , E. stricklandii Maiden. and E. erythrocorys F. Muell were cultivated on 1994 in south-western of Iram (Khozestan), were collected on April 2004. The essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from the leaves of were analyzed by GC and GC/MS.The main components identified ...
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Two Eucalyptus species , E. stricklandii Maiden. and E. erythrocorys F. Muell were cultivated on 1994 in south-western of Iram (Khozestan), were collected on April 2004. The essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from the leaves of were analyzed by GC and GC/MS.The main components identified in E. stricklandii oil were 1,8-cineole (72.2%), a-pinene (12.2%) and terpinen-1–ol (2.8%), and in E. erythrocorys were 1,8-cineole (80%), a-pinene (5.7%) and terpinen-1-ol (2.2%). High content of 1,8-cineole in our cultivated plants and uses of this compound in pharmacy industry is a reason of our investigation. This paper now reportes for the first time the results of the analyses of leaf oils of E. stricklandii Maiden.,and E. erythrocorys F. Muell. , growing in Iran.
M.M. Barazandeh
Abstract
In order to increas the yield and quality of an eucalyptus essential oil(eucalyptus globulus) the leaves of plant was collected from Research Station of Zaghmarz in Pasansd of Behshahr and was identified by the staff of botanical department of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands.Dried and ground ...
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In order to increas the yield and quality of an eucalyptus essential oil(eucalyptus globulus) the leaves of plant was collected from Research Station of Zaghmarz in Pasansd of Behshahr and was identified by the staff of botanical department of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands.Dried and ground leaves of plant were steam and hydro distilled and fractions were collected every fifteen minutes. Proceeding of distillation time resulted to increas the yield and reduce cineole content. In steam distillation method,the oil yield was increased from 1.6% after 5 min. to 2.42% after 180 min. whereas 1,8-cineole content was reduced from 82.2% to 74.8%, respectively. In hydrodistillation method, the oil yield was increased from 1.55% after 15 min. to 2.86% after 180 min. whereas cineole content was reduced from 92.7% to 85.6%, respectively. Fifteen compounds were identified among which 1,8-cineole (74.8%-82.2%), α-pinene (6.28-7.70%) and limonene (5.70-6.20%) in steam distillation method and 1,8-cineole (85.60-92.70%), α-pinene (2.02%-2.37%) and limonene (2.04%-3.10%) in hydrodistillation method were the major constituents, respectively.
K. Jaimand; M.B. Rezaee
Volume 20, Issue 1 , April 2004, , Pages 89-98
Abstract
The compostion of the oils from flower and leaf of Achillea eriophora DC were collected during the flowering priod from 25 km away from Shiraz in park Bamoo alt. 1650 m. in July 2003. The essential oils were obtained by different methods of distillation ( steam distillation and hydrodistillation), ...
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The compostion of the oils from flower and leaf of Achillea eriophora DC were collected during the flowering priod from 25 km away from Shiraz in park Bamoo alt. 1650 m. in July 2003. The essential oils were obtained by different methods of distillation ( steam distillation and hydrodistillation), the percentage of oils for flower and leaf were 1% and 0.9% and 1.2% and 0.9% respectively, and calculated on the dry weight, and analysis by GC and GC/MS. The major constituents determined by steam distillation method in flower were 1,8-cineole (45%), b-pinene (16.6%) and (E)-nerolidol (7.6%) and in leaf were 1,8-cineole (41.5%), (E)-nerolidol (10%) and b-pinene (9.8%) and by hydrodistillation method in flower were 1,8-cineole (41.3%), b-pinene (12.4%) and a-thujene (6.5%) and in leaf were 1,8-cineole (41.%), b-pinene (13.8%) and terpinen-4-ol (9.1%), respectively.
K. Jaimand; M.B. Rezaee
Volume 19, Issue 2 , August 2003, , Pages 137-148
Abstract
Rosmarinus officinalis L. which is cultivated in Research farm of medicinal plants in Cemnan city were collected on 29 May 2003 , and fresh plants materials essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation method in laboratory and pilot scale. Essential oils yield in laboratory and pilot scale were 0.4%, ...
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Rosmarinus officinalis L. which is cultivated in Research farm of medicinal plants in Cemnan city were collected on 29 May 2003 , and fresh plants materials essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation method in laboratory and pilot scale. Essential oils yield in laboratory and pilot scale were 0.4%, and 0.5%, respectively. Both samples were analysed by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents were identified in laboratory sample were a - pinene (30.3%), 1,8-cineole (15.2%), terpin-1-ol (8.2%) and methyl chavicol (7.5%) and for pilot sample were a - pinene (30%), 1,8-cineole (12.2%), methyl chavicol (11.6%) and camphene (6.6%).
