Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Leili Safaii; Ebrahim Sharifi Ashoorabadi; Davood Amin Azarm
Abstract
Background and objectives: Ziziphora is a medicinal genus belonging to the Lamiaceae family. This genus comprises 18 species worldwide, of which three annual species, including Z. capitata, Z. persica, and Z. tenuior, along with one perennial species (Z. clinopodioides), grow in Iran. Except for Z. persica, ...
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Background and objectives: Ziziphora is a medicinal genus belonging to the Lamiaceae family. This genus comprises 18 species worldwide, of which three annual species, including Z. capitata, Z. persica, and Z. tenuior, along with one perennial species (Z. clinopodioides), grow in Iran. Except for Z. persica, the remaining species are distributed across the habitats of Isfahan province. The aerial parts of these plants emit a fragrant aroma during flowering, and today their bioactive compounds are widely used in pharmaceutical formulations to treat cough, heartache, intestinal inflammation, uterine infections, menstrual pain, nausea, and various cardiovascular disorders. Ziziphora essential oil contains valuable constituents, including pulegone and 1,8-cineole, with their proportions differing among species. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quantitative yield and essential oil composition of species within this genus in Isfahan province, and to assess their feasibility for introduction into the country’s agricultural production system.Methodology: This study was conducted at the Fozveh Research Station of Isfahan between 2019 and 2020. The species examined included Z. clinopodioides, Z. tenuior, and Z. capitata. Seeds of the annual species were cultivated in February of both 2019 and 2020. The perennial species was sown in February 2019 inside a greenhouse using seedling trays filled with peat moss, and the resulting seedlings were transplanted to the field in April. Plants were established using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Quantitative traits such as plant height and leaf biomass were measured at the flowering stage (defined as more than 70% flowering). Plants within one square meter of each plot were harvested to determine dry biomass, while the remaining plants were retained to measure thousand-seed weight and seed yield. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus. Essential oil composition was quantified by gas chromatography (GC), and qualitative identification of compounds was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).Results: The three Ziziphora species exhibited significant differences in plant height, dry aerial biomass, dry-to-fresh weight ratio of aerial parts, seed weight per plant, thousand-seed weight, leaf and seed yield, and essential oil percentage and yield. The highest plant height (38 cm), leaf yield (3800 kg/ha), and seed yield (95 kg/ha) were recorded in Z. clinopodioides during the second year. Essential oil content among the species ranged from 0.5% to 1.53%, with the highest percentage and yield, 1.53% and 57 kg/ha, respectively, observed in Z. clinopodioides in the second year. Essential oil profiling demonstrated interspecific and interannual differences in both the type and number of identified compounds. Z. clinopodioides presented 17 and 20 compounds in the first and second year, constituting 74.7% and 91.9% of the total essential oil. The 1,8-cineole, reaching 44.5% and 31.6%, was the dominant compound in the first and second years. Camphene (3.4%), sabinene (4.8%), α-terpinene (3.1%), and linalool (3.2%) were also key constituents. In Z. tenuior, 14 and 10 compounds were identified in the first and second years, accounting for 85.6% and 97.5% of the essential oil. The primary compound in both years was pulegone, measured at 64.3% in the first year and 89.5% in the second year. p-Mentha-3-en-8-ol and 1,8-cineole, at 7.6% and 4.9% were the most abundant constituents after pulegone, respectively, in the first year. In Z. capitata, 9 and 7 compounds were detected across the two years, representing 99.4% and 90.5% of the total essential oil. The major constituents in the first year were piperitone (25.3%), thymol (26.3%), and carvacrol (30.1%); however, in the second year, piperitone dominated at 42.2%.Conclusion: Considering that Ziziphora currently lacks a defined position in the national agricultural system and given the superior quantitative and qualitative performance of Z. clinopodioides compared with the other species, as well as its considerable essential oil yield and valuable chemical constituents, it can be proposed as a promising new candidate for large-scale cultivation and integration into the country’s agricultural production framework.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
MOHAMMAD KARAMI; Bita Bakhshi; Mohammad-Taghi Ebadi; Mahdi Ayyari
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Nepeta crispa Willd., commonly known as Mofarrah, is an endemic plant of Iran belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Its distribution in Iran is limited to the western region, specifically Hamadan province. In this study, the plant was collected from three habitats in ...
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Background and Objectives: Nepeta crispa Willd., commonly known as Mofarrah, is an endemic plant of Iran belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Its distribution in Iran is limited to the western region, specifically Hamadan province. In this study, the plant was collected from three habitats in Hamadan province, Arzanfood (Hamedan city), Gashani (Tuyserkan city), and Piste Eski (Hamedan city) at elevations of 3021, 2783, and 2686 meters above sea level, respectively, during the flowering stage. The research aimed to investigate the essential oil content and water-soluble volatile compounds (hydrosol) of N. crispa and to compare these compounds across different habitats. The study also sought to identify variations in essential oil main components and hydrosol to evaluate the influence of ecological characteristics on the plant's chemical composition.Methodology: The plant samples were shade-dried, and essential oil was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus for 3 hours. Water-soluble volatile compounds (hydrosol) were collected by leaving the exit part of the Clevenger open to condense vapor into liquid. The hydrosol was then separated using ethyl acetate solvent in a separatory funnel. The essential oil and hydrosol were analyzed using GC-FID and GC/MS.Results: The essential oil yields from the Arzanfood, Gashani, and Piste Eski samples were 2.01%, 1.97%, and 1.82% (w/w), respectively. The concentration of water-soluble volatile compounds in the hydrosol were 0.15, 0.11, and 0.12 grams per 100 ml, respectively. The primary compounds identified in the essential oil were 1,8-cineole (49.4%, 48.5%, and 60%), 4aα,7β,7aα-nepetalactone (27%, 3.7%, and 8.3%), 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (0.1%, 23.5%, and 7.2%), and β-pinene (4.3%, 5.4%, and 6.1%) for Arzanfood, Gashani, and Piste Eski, respectively. In the hydrosol, the main components were 4aα,7β,7aα-nepetalactone (74.1%, 40.3%, and 57.1%) and α-pinene oxide (4.6%, 7.1%, and 5.2%).Conclusion: The variation in essential oil yield across different habitats highlights the impact of ecological factors on the quantity of essential oil. The highest essential oil yield (2.01%) was observed in the Arzanfood sample, which also has the highest elevation among the studied regions. A total of 22 compounds were identified in the essential oil, with 18, 20, and 17 compounds detected in the Arzanfood, Gashani, and Piste Eski samples, respectively. The dominant compound in the essential oil was 1,8-cineole, while 4aα,7β,7aα-nepetalactone was the most abundant compound in the hydrosol. This study marks the first report on the hydrosol analysis of N. crispa from different habitats.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Fatemeh Nejad-Alimoradi; Mansoureh Khodashenas; Farkhondeh Rezanejad
Abstract
Background and objectives: Nepeta, with 300 species, is one of the largest genera in the Lamiaceae family. Seventy-five species of this genus are distributed in Iran, many of which are endemic. Due to the medicinal importance and traditional uses of its various species, much research has been conducted ...
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Background and objectives: Nepeta, with 300 species, is one of the largest genera in the Lamiaceae family. Seventy-five species of this genus are distributed in Iran, many of which are endemic. Due to the medicinal importance and traditional uses of its various species, much research has been conducted to identify their secondary metabolites. Nepetalactone, cineole, and phenolic compounds have been reported as their main compounds, and most have medicinal, antimicrobial, and industrial properties. The amount of these compounds varies in different parts of the plant and different species and populations. Nepeta bornmulleriHausskn. ex Bornm. is endemic to Iran and is a type specimen from Kerman province. Although secondary metabolites have been studied in many species of this genus, more research is needed on N. bornmulleri. Therefore, the morphology, quantity, and quality of antioxidant compounds and essential oils were investigated in the plant's two vegetative and generative parts.Methodology: Vegetative (stem and leaf) and generative (flower and fruit) parts of N. bornmulleri were collected in May 2023 from Rayen city (Kerman province) at an altitude of 2450 meters. The used generative parts were 80% flowers and 20% unripe fruits. The size of the plant, its vegetative form, and the structure of the inflorescence and flower were examined and photographed with the naked eye or stereomicroscope so that researchers could identify them quickly. Biochemical compounds, including phenolic compounds and essential oil, were studied in vegetative and generative parts. Total phenolic compounds, including total phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins from fresh samples, were studied by spectrophotometric method. The phenolic compounds and anthocyanins profile were investigated using dried samples with HPLC. The analysis of essential oil was done using dry samples with gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Essential oil extraction was done by distillation with water using Clevenger. The experiment was conducted in a completely random design, including two types of vegetative (stem and leaf) and generative (flower and fruit) organs with three replications.Results: Morphological studies of N. bornmulleri showed that in the studied area, the height of the species is about 10-25 cm with hairy basal (rosette) leaves, apical and dense head-like inflorescence, purple-blue synpetal corolla with bilobate apex, synsepal calyx. The Androecium comprises four purple stamens of equal length (didynamous stamens) and an upper pistil with tetra-achene schizocarp fruit surrounded by persistent sepals. The total content of phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins in flowering branches (generative) was significantly higher than in leaves and stems (vegetative parts). The profile of phenolic and anthocyanin compounds by HPLC showed that ten phenolic compounds and three anthocyanin compounds were identified in the generative part, and six phenolic compounds and two anthocyanin compounds were identified in the vegetative part. The most phenolic compound observed in both vegetative and generative parts was luteolin, while malvidin-glucoside was recorded as the most anthocyanin compound. The amount of malvidin-glucoside in the generative part was twice that of the vegetative part. The percentage of essential oil in vegetative and generative parts was observed at 0.2 and 0.1, respectively. In the essential oils of vegetative and reproductive parts, respectively, 10 (69.41%) and 16 (89.29%) identified compounds and 9 (14.59%) and 4 (6.21%) unidentified compounds were reported, which in total 84% and 95.5% constituted the essential oil.The main components of the essential oil of the vegetative part include spatholenol (31.2%), 1,8-cineole (14.5%), hexadecanoic acid (10.6%), myrtenol (9.7%), caryophyllene oxide (6.4%). ) and trans-pinocarveol (4.4%). In the generative part, 1,8-cineole (31.7%), spatholenol (16.2%), myrtenol (14.14%), dihydro nepetalactone (6.92%), trans-pinocarveol (6.7%), pinocarovone (5.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.5%) were the main components of the essential oil.Conclusion: Based on the results, the quantity and quality of phenolic compounds, anthocyanin, and essential oil in the generative part were higher than in the vegetative part of the studied species. So, it is suggested that the generative parts of the plant be used to obtain antioxidant compounds. The amount of nepetalactone, which is significant in most species of Nepeta, was relatively low in this species, while spatholenol and 1, 8-cineole were the main compounds. Considering the numerous medicinal and industrial applications of the two dominant species combinations on the one hand and the exclusivity and limited distribution of the species on the other hand, it is essential to preserve its different populations.
Agriculture and horticulture
A. Rafati; N. Valizadeh; F. Sefidkon; Y. Imani; F. Noormand Moaied
Abstract
Nepeta crassifolia Boiss. & Buhse, from Lamiaceae family, is an aromatic species with medicinal properties which is endemic to Iran. The seeds and aerial parts of this plant were collected from six different regions of East Azerbaijan province. After drying, the plant aerial parts essential oil was ...
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Nepeta crassifolia Boiss. & Buhse, from Lamiaceae family, is an aromatic species with medicinal properties which is endemic to Iran. The seeds and aerial parts of this plant were collected from six different regions of East Azerbaijan province. After drying, the plant aerial parts essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and their compounds were identified by GC and GC/MS. The collected seeds, after producing greenhouse seedlings, were planted in the field in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In the second year after planting, the flowering shoots were harvested, dried, and distilled. The results showed that there was significant differences among essential oil percentage of natural habitat samples which the highest amount belonged to "Marand" region, but the farm essential oil samples did not differ with each other significantly. The compounds nepetalactone I (4aα, 7α, 7aα) and II (4aα, 7α, 7aβ), globulol, germacrene B, caryophyllene oxide, and 1,8-cineole were identified as the main essential oil compounds of this species. The highest amount of nepetalactone I or II under the natural habitat (69% and 21.7%, respectively) and field (27.3% and 51.5%, respectively) conditions belonged to "Misho" region in "Marand". "Sarab" region also had the highest amount of nepetalactone II under the natural habitat and farm conditions compared to the other samples. The highest amount of 1,8-cineole (21.8%) in the oil was also obtained from the natural habitat of "Kharil" region.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Babaei; F. Sefidkon; M. Nasiri
Abstract
Two species Nepeta cataria L. and Nepeta bracteata Benth. (fam. lamiaceae) are native to Iran. To study the quantity and quality of the two species essential oil in the field, the seeds of eight populations from these two species were collected from natural habitats and planted in a randomized complete ...
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Two species Nepeta cataria L. and Nepeta bracteata Benth. (fam. lamiaceae) are native to Iran. To study the quantity and quality of the two species essential oil in the field, the seeds of eight populations from these two species were collected from natural habitats and planted in a randomized complete block design in Alborz Research Station of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (Karaj, Alborz province). The flowering branches were harvested at the full flowering stage and after room temperature-drying, their essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation, and analyzed and identified by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil yield of N. cataria populations varied between 0.02 (Karaj) and 0.50% (Arak). Twenty-three compounds were identified in the essential oil of this species, and the main compound in all populations was from nepetalactone isomers. NepetalactoneIII (4aα,7β,7aα-nepetalactone) and nepetalactoneI (4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone) constituted 44.4 (Karaj) to 91.6% (Arak) and 0.8 (Karaj) to 15.9% (Bafgh1) of the essential oil, respectively. NepetalactoneII (4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone) was observed only in the population Bafgh2 (21.2%). The amount of 1,8-cineole in the essential oil of different N. cataria populations varied from 0.4 (Taft1) to 12.8% (Karaj). The essential oil yield of N. bractaeta populations was obtained between 0.02 (Ardakan) and 0.70% (Taft2). Twenty-seven compounds were identified in the essential oil of this species, and the main compounds were 1,8-cineole (1.0, 9.6, and 41.0% in Tabas, Ardakan, and Taft2, respectively) and geranyl acetate (0.9, 3.4, and 39.8% in Tabas, Taft2, and Ardakan, respectively). In general, the results showed that the N. cataria populations were all from the same chemotype, but N. bracteata populations were from two chemotypes (ct. geranyl acetate and ct. 1,8-cineole).
M.H. Asareh; M.M. Barazandeh; K. Jaimand
Volume 20, Issue 4 , January 2018, , Pages 469-476
Abstract
Eucalyptus porosa was collected from Dezfool (Fadak Garden) in Martch 2004.Dry leaves of it were hydrodistilled in a clevenger type apparatus for 20 min. to produce an oil at the yield of 0.57%(based on dry leaves).In order of quantitavely and qualitavely analyses, the oil was injected to GC.Among Twenty-one ...
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Eucalyptus porosa was collected from Dezfool (Fadak Garden) in Martch 2004.Dry leaves of it were hydrodistilled in a clevenger type apparatus for 20 min. to produce an oil at the yield of 0.57%(based on dry leaves).In order of quantitavely and qualitavely analyses, the oil was injected to GC.Among Twenty-one compounds which were identified in the oil, 1,8-cineole (58.6%), α–pinene(12.8%) and nopinone (3.11%) were the major constituents, respectively.
Sh. Ahmadi; M. Mirza; F. Askari
Abstract
N. elymatica Bornm. is one of the endemic species in the genus Nepeta in Iran. This genus has important aromatic species. So far, 79 species have been reported from Iran, of which 39 species are endemic. The aim of this study was to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil of N. elymatica ...
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N. elymatica Bornm. is one of the endemic species in the genus Nepeta in Iran. This genus has important aromatic species. So far, 79 species have been reported from Iran, of which 39 species are endemic. The aim of this study was to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil of N. elymatica Bornm. The flowering branches of this species were collected in July from Oshterankuh, Kamandan region of Azna. After drying at room temperature, the flowering branches of the plant were subjected to hydro-distillation. The oil yield was calculated and the oil composition was identified by GC and GC/MS analysis and retention index. Results showed that the yield oil of this species was 0.95% w/w and 27 components were identified, among which 1,8-cineole (20.6%), 4a-a,7-a,7a-a-nepetalactone (17.5%), E-caryophyllene (15%) and linalool (5.8%), were the main compounds.
M. Layeghhaghighi; M. Hassanpour Asil; B. Abbaszadeh; F. Sefidkon; M. Matinizadeh
Abstract
About 67 species of the genus Nepeta have been found in Iran and Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad is endemic to Iran. In order to investigate the effect of water deficit on Nepetapogonosperma, an experiment was conducted under field conditions in 2015, at the Alborz Research Station, Research Institute of ...
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About 67 species of the genus Nepeta have been found in Iran and Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad is endemic to Iran. In order to investigate the effect of water deficit on Nepetapogonosperma, an experiment was conducted under field conditions in 2015, at the Alborz Research Station, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Karaj, Iran. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments consisted of three levels: 30, 60, and 90% of field capacity. Harvesting was done in full flowering stage. Essential oil was extracted by distillation for 2 hours and 30 minutes. The percentage of essential oil components was determined using GC and GC/MS. In the Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad essential oil, 16 components were identified and the highest percentage of 15 components including α-thujene, α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-terpinene, ρ-cymene, e-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone, 4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone, E-caryophyllene and β-bisabolene was related to the control treatment. Analysis of variance revealed that water deficit significantly affected the essential oil percentage, yield, and components detected. The highest essential oil percentage with an average of 3.18% belonged to the severe stress treatment (30% FC). The highest oil yield (78.321 kg per hectare) was recorded for the moderate stress treatment (60% FC). The highest content of 1.8-cineole belonged to 30% FC. The highest total content of nepetalactone with an average of 28.2% was obtained in the control group. Our results clearly showed that severe and moderate water deficit stress could be recommended for the production of plants with high essential oil content. However, no water deficit stress is recommended to obtain high content of nepetalactone.
M.S. Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini; F. Sefidkon; P. Salehi Shanjani; Gh.R. Najafi
Abstract
Achillea vermicularis Trin., belonging to Astraceae family, is distributed at North and North-West Iran. It is used for treatment of arthritis infusion of the leaves, gastritis, asthma, and diseases of the liver in traditional medicine. In this study, for the first time, the seeds of A. vermicularis ...
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Achillea vermicularis Trin., belonging to Astraceae family, is distributed at North and North-West Iran. It is used for treatment of arthritis infusion of the leaves, gastritis, asthma, and diseases of the liver in traditional medicine. In this study, for the first time, the seeds of A. vermicularis was collected from West Azarbayjan and cultivated in the field of Alborz research station, Karaj, Iran. In order to comparing the essential oil content and composition, flowering shoots and individual plant parts (flowers, leaves and stems) were collected in full flowering stage. The plant materials were dried at shade and their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The oils were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/Mass). The highest oil yields (w/w of dry weight) were obtained from flowers (0.53%) and leaves (0.52%) and the lowest oil yield was obtained from stems (0.24%). The oil yield of total aerial parts was 0.43%. According to these results, the distillation of all aerial parts is more suitable in comparison with oil extraction from the flowers that is common for other Achillea species, resulting in wasting a lot of essential oils in the leaves and stems. Twenty-nine compounds were identified in the essential oils, of which 1,8-cineol, camphor and piperitone were found in all essential oils in significant quantities. The content of camphor varied from 4.1% in stem oil to 19.2% in flower oil. Minimum and maximum content of 1,8-cineol was found in the stem oil (3.3%) and flower oil (23.3%), respectively. The minimum content of piperitone (4.9%) was obtained in stem oil and aerial parts oil was rich in piperitone (26.4%). There were special differences among the essential oils of plant parts. The presence of special compounds such as heptadecane (31.1%) and hexadecanol (18.6%) and n-henei cosine (4.5%) and n-octadecane only in stem oil (3.1%), germacrene D in aerial parts oil (13.6%), were other differences.
F. Fakhari; F. Sefidkon; Sh. Mozaffari; M.A. Alizadeh
Abstract
The Anthemis genus, belonging to Asteraceae family, has 23 endemic annual species in Iran, with the flowers and shoots containing essential oil. In this experiment, for the first time, the seeds of Anthemis tinctoria L. were collected from west Azarbayejan, Iran, and cultivated at the field of Alborz ...
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The Anthemis genus, belonging to Asteraceae family, has 23 endemic annual species in Iran, with the flowers and shoots containing essential oil. In this experiment, for the first time, the seeds of Anthemis tinctoria L. were collected from west Azarbayejan, Iran, and cultivated at the field of Alborz Research Station. In order to determine the essential oil composition of cultivated Anthemis tinctoria, random sampling was conducted at full flowering stage from flowering shoot. Flowers, leaves and stems were divided and dried in open air and their essential oil was produced separately by hydro-distillation. To analyze the essential oil composition, GC and GC-MS were used. Results indicated that essential oil percentage in flower, leaf, stem and total shoot was 0.0892, 0.0487, 0.0466 and 0.0792%, respectively. Analysis of leaf essential oil indicated that 32 compounds were detected; five main compounds were camphor (15.8%), α-eudesmol (10.3%), guaiol (9.6%), chrysanthenone (8.4%) and 1,8-cineol (8.0%); contributing to more than 53% of the essential oil composition. Twenty-one compounds were detected in stem essential oil; four main compounds were spathulenol (25.6%), α-eudesmol (14.5%), caryophyllene oxide (11.8%) and β-eudesmol (5.9%). Moreover, 22 compounds were detected in flower essential oil; five main compounds were α-eudesmol (27.5%), β-eudesmol (14.3%), spathulenol (13.3%), 10-epi-g-eudesmol (7.2%), 1,8-cineol (4.2%). The results also indicated that 29 compounds were detected in shoot essential oil; four main compounds were g-eudesmol (39.92%), caronene (9.1%), camphor (6.5%), spathulenol (5.1%) and 1,8-cineol (4.3%). According to the obtained results, the percentage of α-eudesmol as main component of this essential oil varied from 10 to 40% in different plant parts, the lowest in leaf oil and the highest in aerial part oil. The highest amount of β-eudesmol was found in flower and stem oil. The presence of high amount of chrysanthenone and camphor in leaf oil was also remarkable. It can be concluded that by using flowering shoot or total aerial parts of A. tinctoria in full flowering stage, more essential oil yield would be produced. In addition, for special purposes and obtaining some special compounds, special plant parts could be distilled.
M. Ghanbari; M.K. Souri
Abstract
Genus Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) consists of about 110-130 species. Nineteen species grow naturally in Iran of which seven are endemic. In this study, chemical composition of the essential oils of seven Achillea populations growing wild in northwest Iran, during the flowering period were investigated. ...
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Genus Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) consists of about 110-130 species. Nineteen species grow naturally in Iran of which seven are endemic. In this study, chemical composition of the essential oils of seven Achillea populations growing wild in northwest Iran, during the flowering period were investigated. The aerial parts were collected from Zonoz, Basmenj, Pirbala, Bonab, Shabestar, Kondlaj and Jolfa regions from Eest Azerbaijan province in May and June 2011. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation method and analyzed by combination of GC-FID and GC-MS. Mean essential oil yield was calculate to be 0.1%, 0.4%, 0.1%,0.2%, 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.4% (w/w) for Zonoz, Basmenj, Pirbala, Bonab, Shabestar, Kondlaj and Jolfa, respectively. Overall, 35, 38, 48, 43, 45, 37 and 42 compounds were identified from Zonoz, Basmenj, Pirbala, Bonab, Shabestar, Kondlaj and Jolfa, respectively. The main constituents of the oils were δ-cadinol (23.3-3.7%), 1,8-cineole (18.5-7.7%), trans-nerolidole (2.6-11.3%), germacrene D (2.7-10.9%), alpha-pinene (1.06-9.44%), borneole (0.0-6.5%) and pinocarvone (2.8-6.3%). According to the obtained results, Basmenj and Zonoz are recommended as two suitable regions for the extraction of 1,8-cineol and δ-cadinol.
M.R. Akhgar; D. Ghazanfari; H. Rahbari
Abstract
The genus Nepeta, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, has 67 species in Iran, most of which are endemic. In this study we provide a qualitative and quantitative comparison of essential oil of leaves, flowers, stems and roots. Nepeta bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Bornm., an endemic and aromatic species, was ...
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The genus Nepeta, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, has 67 species in Iran, most of which are endemic. In this study we provide a qualitative and quantitative comparison of essential oil of leaves, flowers, stems and roots. Nepeta bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Bornm., an endemic and aromatic species, was collected from Hezar mountain, Kerman province, Iran, in May 2011. The essential oils of leaves, flowers, stems and roots of the plantwere separately extracted using hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In the leaf and flower oils, 38 and 19 components were identified, representing 98.% and 94.5% of the total oils, with 4aβ,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone (29.2% and 26.8%), 1,8-cineole (19.6% and 14.6%), 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (6.6% and 19.5%) and β-pinene (18.9% and 11.4%) as the main constituents, respectively. The stem oil was characterized by higher amount of 4aβ,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone (39.8%), caryophyllene oxide (24.1%) and 1,8-cineole (12.8%) among the 9 components comprising 95.8% of the total oil. Furthermore, 12 compounds were identified in the root oil, representing 99.3% of the total oil. 4aβ,7α,7aβ-Nepetalactone (73.2%) and 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (13.4%) isomers were found to be the major constituents. As a result, nepetalactone was the dominant component in the essential oils of N. bornmuelleri.
K. Jaimand; M.H. Assareh; M. Mirza; M. Nadery; Sh. Karimi; E. Parsa
Abstract
Eucalyptuses trees as the fast-growing forest species are native to the Pacific. This species were introduced to Iran more than 100 years ago and cultivated in the south, having perfect environment for them. This research was aimed to investigate seasonal fluctuations of essential oil and1,8-cineol content ...
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Eucalyptuses trees as the fast-growing forest species are native to the Pacific. This species were introduced to Iran more than 100 years ago and cultivated in the south, having perfect environment for them. This research was aimed to investigate seasonal fluctuations of essential oil and1,8-cineol content in Eucalyptus species of Fars province. The leaves of 14 Eucalyptus species were collected from Fars province in the middle of each season for two years (2007 & 2008). Afterward, essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation method and compounds were identified by GC and GC/MS. Results showed that in each region, some of the species had the highest essential oil yield and quality; therefore due to the high essential oil content and 1,8-cineol, they could be recommended for large-scale cultivation in the region in order to extract essential oil. Studied Eucalyptus included: E. calcicultrix (Miq.) Blakely; E. camaldulensis var. camaldulensis Dehnh.; E. cornuta; E. fruticetorum; E. intertexta R.T. Baker; E. largiflorens F. Muell.; E. lesouefii; E. longicornis F. Muell.; E. oleosa F. Muell.; E. rudis Endl.; E. salmonophloia F. Muell.; E. salubaris; E. stricklandii Maiden; E. viridis. The essential oil yield of different species at different seasons differed from 1.0 to 6.8% in 2007 and 0.3 to 5.8% in 2008. According to the results, the highest oil yield in autumn (5.2%-6.4%), the highest percentage of 1,8-cineole in winter (91.4%-94%), and the best time to harvest were recorded for E. oleosa F. Muell at Shousni, Mamasani; therefore, E. oleosa F. Muell could be recommended for cultivation as the best species.
A. Assarzadeh; H. Azarnivand; F. Sefidkon; H. Arzani; M.A. Zare-Chahooki
Abstract
The essential oil yield and chemical composition of the aerial parts of Artemisia sieberi Besser were investigated in two sites of grazed and ungrazed rangelands. Plant sampling was performed from 2 sites in Ahmadabad, located in Semnan province at the beginning of flowering stage in October 2010. The ...
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The essential oil yield and chemical composition of the aerial parts of Artemisia sieberi Besser were investigated in two sites of grazed and ungrazed rangelands. Plant sampling was performed from 2 sites in Ahmadabad, located in Semnan province at the beginning of flowering stage in October 2010. The samples of inflorescences of plants were collected from 5 random points of each site. Then, air-dried parts of the plants were subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Analysis and identification of chemical composition of the essential oils were performed by GC and GC/MS. There was no significant difference between the oil yields of Artemisia sieberi in 2 investigated sites. In ungrazed and grazed sites, the main components of essential oils were respectively, Camphor (48/03%), 1,8-Cineole (15/96%), Camphene (10/32%) and Camphor (51/82%), Camphene (10/86%), 1,8-Cineole (9/52%). According to the results, significant differences were recorded for Thuja-2,4(10)-diene (p<0.05) and α –Terpineol (p<0.01) between two studied sites. No significant differences were observed for the percentage of other componenets between 2 investigated sites. Also, comparison of the economic value of oil in one hectare with total area of the grazed and ungrazed rangelands showed that garzing caused a reduction in economic efficiency of oil.
M.R. Akhgar; A. Pourmirzaie; M. Moradalizadeh; T. Salarkarimi
Abstract
The genus Neogaillonia, belonging to the Rubiaceae family, has 4 species in Iran. This research was aimed to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Neogaillonia eriantha, from endemic species of Iran. The aerial parts of Neogaillonia eriantha (Jaub. & Spach) ...
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The genus Neogaillonia, belonging to the Rubiaceae family, has 4 species in Iran. This research was aimed to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Neogaillonia eriantha, from endemic species of Iran. The aerial parts of Neogaillonia eriantha (Jaub. & Spach) Lincz., were collected from the area between Sirjan and Hajiabad, at a height of 2900 m, Kerman province, Iran during May 2010. Essential oil of the aerial parts of the plant was extracted using hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The average essential oil yield was 0.2% (w/w). Essential oil compounds were identified by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-two compounds, representing 99.6% of the total oil, were identified in the essential oil. The main constituents were β-pinene (17.1%), 1,8-cineole (15.4%), δ-3-carene (11.4%), piperitone (11.3%), α-pinene (9.1%), and limonene (8.7%). As a result, monoterpenes (95.9%) were the main group of compounds found in the essential oil of the species.
E. Modiri; F. Sefidkon; Z. Jamzad; A. Tavasoli
Abstract
The genus Ziziphora (Lamiaceae) consists of four species (Z. clinopodioides L., Z. capitata L., Z. persica Bunge. and Z. tenuior L.), wildly distributed in Iran. Ziziphora clinopodioides with the common Persian name of “kakuti-e kuhi” is a rich source of essential oils. In this study, aerial ...
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The genus Ziziphora (Lamiaceae) consists of four species (Z. clinopodioides L., Z. capitata L., Z. persica Bunge. and Z. tenuior L.), wildly distributed in Iran. Ziziphora clinopodioides with the common Persian name of “kakuti-e kuhi” is a rich source of essential oils. In this study, aerial parts of five subspecies of Z. clinopodioides were collected. After drying the plants, the essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The composition of the essential oils was analyzed and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/Mass (GC/MS). The essential oils of different subspecies were different qualitatively and quantitatively. In the essential oil of subsp. Rigida, collected from Urmia and Fars, 15 and 19 compounds were identified, respectively. In both, the main compound was pulegone (46.8%) and (36.1%), respectively. In the essential oil of subsp. filicaulis from Arasbaran, subsp. bungeana from Tabriz and subsp. ronnigeri from Urmia, 15, 18 and 19 compounds were identified, respectively. The main compound was pulegone (46%), (23%) and (52%), respectively. In the essential oil of subsp. pseudodasyantha, collected from Qazvin (before to Zoshk) and Qazvin, 14 and 16 compounds were identified, respectively. Pulegone (49.8%) and Limonene (29%) were identified as the main compounds, respectively. In the essential oil of the mentioned subspecies, collected from Garmabdareh and Shahrestanak, 18 and 16 compounds were identified, respectively. The main compounds were g-terpinene (16.1%) and 1,8-cineol (32.4%), respectively.
H. Batooli; A.H. Bamoniri
Abstract
Haplophyllum A. Juss. is one of the most important genus of Rutaceae family, in which over 20 species have been reported for Iran. The purpose of this study was to extract and determine essential oil composition of three Haplophyllum A. Juss. species from Kashan. Leaves of the three species i.e. H. robustum ...
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Haplophyllum A. Juss. is one of the most important genus of Rutaceae family, in which over 20 species have been reported for Iran. The purpose of this study was to extract and determine essential oil composition of three Haplophyllum A. Juss. species from Kashan. Leaves of the three species i.e. H. robustum Bge., H. glaberrimum Bge. & Boiss. and H. perforatum (M. B.) Kar. & Kir. were collected from deserts and mountainous areas around Kashan. Essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using an all-glass Clevenger-type apparatus. The analysis of the oils was performed by using GC and GC-MS methods. The essential oil yield of H. robustum was 1.02% (v/w) and 14 components were identified. Major components of the oil were 1,8-cineol (25%), β-pinene (12.2%) and sabinene (9%). The essential oil yield of H. glaberrimum was 0/08 % (v/w) and 13 components were identified, in which the major components were myrcene (42.9%), elemole (10.6%) and β-caryophyllene (8.9%). The essential oil yield of H. perforatum was 0.38 % (v/w) and 12 components were identified, in which the major components were elemole (37.6%), β-caryophyllene (%21.1) and α-pinene (19.1%). The major components of the essential oil in H. robustum and H. glaberrimum were monoterpens, but the essential oil of H. perforatum was rich of sesquiterpenes.
S.F. Mirahmadi; M.R. Hasandokht; F. Sefidkon; M.E. Hassani
Abstract
Achillea biebersteinii Afan. is a member of Asteraceae and occurs wild in different parts of the world including Europe, Turkey, Iran and central Asia. In addition to traditional medicine, the plant is also considered in modern medicine and different industries because of its essential oil characteristics. ...
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Achillea biebersteinii Afan. is a member of Asteraceae and occurs wild in different parts of the world including Europe, Turkey, Iran and central Asia. In addition to traditional medicine, the plant is also considered in modern medicine and different industries because of its essential oil characteristics. The present study was conducted to investigate the essential oil content and composition of nine populations of A. biebersteinii collected from different ports of Khorassan Province. For this purpose, after calculating essential oil content of each population with three independent experiments, chemical constituents of oils were identified by means of GC and GC-MS analyses. The results showed that Golool (1.62%) and Chelmir (1.60%) contained the highest amount of essential oil. Totally, 23 components were characterized in the essential oil of all populations with oxygenated monoterpens (47.9-73.1%) as the principle fraction. While 1,8-cineole, nepetalactone, p-cymene, a-terpinene and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate were identified as the prevalent constituents of all investigated essential oils, lavandulyl 2-methyl butyrate and cis-chrysanthenol were the rarest ones. Due to the high content of essential oil and high levels of 1,8-cineole, nepetalactone derivatives and p-cymene which are well-known biologically active compounds, Golool and Azghad populations seem to be suitable for application in relevant industries.
M.R. Akhgar; M. Moradalizadeh
Abstract
The genus Nepeta (Labiatae) with the common Persian name of “Pune-sa” includes 67 species in Iran and Nepeta schiraziana Boiss. is one of its endemic species. In this study, the stems, flowers and leaves of Nepeta schiraziana were collected from Sepidan region in north-west of Fars Province. ...
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The genus Nepeta (Labiatae) with the common Persian name of “Pune-sa” includes 67 species in Iran and Nepeta schiraziana Boiss. is one of its endemic species. In this study, the stems, flowers and leaves of Nepeta schiraziana were collected from Sepidan region in north-west of Fars Province. The essential oils of stems, flowers and leaves of the plant were separately obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In each oils of the stem and flower, fourteen components were identified with 1,8-cineole (45.6% and 39.4%), germacrene D (17.4% and 15.8%), and β-caryophyllene (11.7% and 10.6%) as the main constituents, respectively. Furthermore, 1,8-cineole (38.5%), β-caryophyllene (14.2%), and caryophyllene oxide (11.7%) were the major components among the 18 constituents characterized in the leaf oil. As a result, 1,8-cineole was the dominant compound in the investigated oils while nepetalactone isomers reported in many Nepeta species, were not identified in Nepeta schiraziana.
H. Batooli; J. Safaei-Ghomi
Abstract
Nepeta L. genus belongs to Labiatae family that has important medicinal and aromatic species. More than 250 species in world and 67 annual and pernnial species in Iran have been reported. In this investigation, essential oil composition of Nepeta gloeocephala Rech. f., Nepeta sessilifolia Bunge and Nepeta ...
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Nepeta L. genus belongs to Labiatae family that has important medicinal and aromatic species. More than 250 species in world and 67 annual and pernnial species in Iran have been reported. In this investigation, essential oil composition of Nepeta gloeocephala Rech. f., Nepeta sessilifolia Bunge and Nepeta laxiflora Benth have been staudied. The species are endemic to Iran and have natural habitats in Dorien, Ghohroud and Mashhad-e-ardahal of Kashan. The flowering branches of these species were collected in spring and summer and dried in shade (at room temperature). The flowering branches of the species subjected to volatile fraction were isolated by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 or 4 hours. After decanting and drying of the oils over anhydrous sodium sulfate, they were stored in vial at low temperature (4ºC) before analysis. The analysis of the oils was performed using GC and GC-MS. The results showed that, the essential oil of Nepeta gloeocephala Rech. f. was yellow in 1/3% (v/w) yield and 29 components were identified, among them, 1,8-Cineole (35.2%), Beta-pinene (21.8%), sabinene (7.8%), (E)-beta ocimen (7.1%), alpha-pinene (7.1%) and (Z)-ocimene (6.9%) were the major compounds. The essential oil of Nepeta sessilifolia Bunge was bright yellow in 0.65% (v/w) yield and 33 components were characterized, among them, spathulenol (25.8%), lavandulyl acetate (16.7%), limonene (6.4%) and geranyl acetate (4.17%) were identified. The essential oil of Nepeta laxiflora Benth was sharp yellow in 0.175% (v/w) yield and 30 components were identified, among them, alpha-pinene (19.7%), 1,8-cineole (11.8%), alpha-bisabolol (6.9%), delta-cadinene (6.8%), germacreneD-4-ol (6.2%), and caryophyllene oxide (4.4%) were main compounds.
B. Torabi Sagvand; M. Naderi Hadji Bagher Kandi; L. Sadeghzadeh
Abstract
Essential oils in aromatic plants are one of the valuable classes of natural product with medicinal properties. Many species from the genus of Eucalyptus contain essential oils and these oils could be used because of their antimicrobial effects. In this research, the essential oils of ten Eucalyptus ...
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Essential oils in aromatic plants are one of the valuable classes of natural product with medicinal properties. Many species from the genus of Eucalyptus contain essential oils and these oils could be used because of their antimicrobial effects. In this research, the essential oils of ten Eucalyptus species were obtained by hydro-distillation and examined against Escheichia coli (1330) and Micrococcus loteus (1110). The Eucalyptus species were Eucalyptus gilli, E. microcarpa, E. kingesmillii, E. loxophleba, E. gongylocarpa, E. salubris, E. erythrocorys, E. salmonophloia, E. spathulata and E. flocktoniae. The essential oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Antimicrobial effects of essential oils were evaluated after dilution with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) through agar diffusion method. The results showed that the main component of all essential oils was 1,8-cineole and α-pinene. The highest amount of 1,8-cineole (82.1%) was found in the oil of E. kingesmillii and the lowest amount (59.6%) was found in the oil of E. salubris. The results showed that all oils were effective against two bacteria. The diameters of inhibitory zones on Micrococcus loteus and Escheichia coli were 10 to 49 mm and 10 to 22 mm respectively.
M. Naderi Hajibagher kandi; F. Sefidkon; A. Azizi; M.R. Pourheravi
Abstract
Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) is an evergreen shrub widely distributed in the Mediterranean area and Southern Europe. Laurus nobilis is widely found in north of Iran and other places and its cultivation has been common due to evergreen leaves and beautiful appearance. Due to the relationship between ...
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Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) is an evergreen shrub widely distributed in the Mediterranean area and Southern Europe. Laurus nobilis is widely found in north of Iran and other places and its cultivation has been common due to evergreen leaves and beautiful appearance. Due to the relationship between distillation time and oil yield and composition, doing research on optimum distillation time to obtain the best quality and quantity of essential oils with the lowest energy consumption has been always considered by scientists. In this study, the effect of different extraction times including 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 minutes on the essential oils content and composition of Laurus nobilis leaves was investigated. The leaves of laurus nobilis were collected in July 2009 from National Botanical Garden of Iran in Tehran, and dried in shade. The essential oil of leaves was extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The leaf oil yield based on dry weight in 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 minutes were respectively 1.35%, 1.92%, 1.97%, 2%, 2.37%, 2.49%, 2.58% and 2.60%. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in oil yield of 90, 105 and 120 minutes extraction times. According to the results, with a view to quantity, 90 minutes was identified as the best extraction time for essential oil extraction in laurus nobilis. 1, 8-cineole and sabinene were identified as the major components of the leaf oil respectively within 15 minutes and after 45 minutes. α-terpinyl acetate remained constant in all extraction times.
N. Esfahanianfard; F. Sefidkon; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki
Abstract
To investigate variations in the essential oil content and composition, leaves of three Eucalyptus species named E. melliodora, E. kingsmilli and E. dundasii were collected in the middle of four seasons during two years from two warm regions, Dezful and Shushtar in South of Iran. The essential oils were ...
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To investigate variations in the essential oil content and composition, leaves of three Eucalyptus species named E. melliodora, E. kingsmilli and E. dundasii were collected in the middle of four seasons during two years from two warm regions, Dezful and Shushtar in South of Iran. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and the oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The maximum oil yield of E. melliodora was obtained in winter (3.1-3.9%) and spring (2.6-2.7%) from Shushtar samples, and in autumn (1.7-2.0%) from Dezful samples. The highest percentage of 1,8-cineole was found in winter and autumn in both regions. The maximum oil yield of E. kingsmilli was obtained in winter (2.8-3.1%) from Shushtar samples, and in authumn (2.7-3.2%) from Dezful samples. The highest percentage of 1, 8-cineole was found in winter and autumn in Shushtar and autumn, spring and winter in Dezful. The maximum oil yield of E. dundasii was obtained in winter (2.8-4.7%) from Shushtar samples, and in summer (0.9%) from Dezful samples. The highest percentage of 1, 8-cineole was found in spring and autumn in Shudhtar and spring in Dezful. There were also some variations in the amounts of other major and minor components. According to the results and to achieve a suitable quality and quantity of Eucalyptus essential oil, cultivation of E. melliodora in Shushtar and Dezful is recommended. For obtaining the highest oil yield and 1,8-cineole content from the mentioned Eucalyptus species, the best harvesting time for E. melliodora is spring and winter in Shushtar and autumn in Dezful. Cultivation of E. kingsmilli in Dezful is more suitable than that in Shushtar and the best harvesting time is spring and autumn in Shushtar and autumn in Dezful. Cultivation of E. dundasii is also recommended in Shushtar while not in Dezful due to its low yield and quality of essential oil. The best harvesting time for E. dundasii in Shushtar is winter (the highest oil yield) and spring (the highest 1, 8-cineole percentage).
Z. Dehghan; F. Sefidkon; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki; R. Kalvandi
Abstract
Different species from Labiatea family are used as spices and fragrance in food or as medicine for treatment of viral or microbial diseases in many countries. Labiatea family contains 46 genus and 410 species. One of the valuable and medicinal species of this family is Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. subsp. ...
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Different species from Labiatea family are used as spices and fragrance in food or as medicine for treatment of viral or microbial diseases in many countries. Labiatea family contains 46 genus and 410 species. One of the valuable and medicinal species of this family is Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. subsp. rigida (Boiss.). This species contains essential oil with pulegone as major compound. In this investigation, the effect of some ecological factors on essential oil content and composition of Z. clinopodioides was studied. The aerial parts of Z. clinopodioides have been collected at flowering stage from four habitats in Hamedan and Kurdestan provinces. The major parameters like altitude, side and slope percentage, soil characteristics and other species of plant were determined. The plant materials have been subjected to hydro-distillation in three replications to obtain their essential oils. The essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed that ecological factors had significant effect (a=0.01) on oil yields. Identification of chemical constituents of the oils showed that main compounds (pulegone and 1,8-cineole) and minor compounds exist in different percentage in different habitats. Therfore, the ecological factors affected essential oil composition of Z. clinopodioides.
M.H. Assareh; M. Sedaghati; Kh. Kiarostami; A. Ghamari Zare
Abstract
Eucalyptus is a growing tree used for agro-forestry, industrial and medical consumptions E. maculata Hook. is one of the most important species of eucalyptus from chemical components and medical applications point of view. The leaves of E. maculata were collected in various seasons from Khuzestan provinces ...
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Eucalyptus is a growing tree used for agro-forestry, industrial and medical consumptions E. maculata Hook. is one of the most important species of eucalyptus from chemical components and medical applications point of view. The leaves of E. maculata were collected in various seasons from Khuzestan provinces (tropical region station Dezfoul, Safi Abad). Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and were analysed by GC and GC/MS. The highest and the lowest essential oil yields were found in autumn and spring, respectively. Major compositions were 1,8-cineole (22.5% in winter), citronellal (15% in spring) and citronellol (35% in summer). The most perfumed compositions were in summer (46%). Also the most compound was citronellol in the whole seasons and citronellyl acetate amount had fixed in the whole year.
