R. Rezaei; S.A.R. Valadabadi; A.H. Shirani Rad; S. Sayfzadeh; E. Hadidi Masouleh
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of biological fertilizers application and various amounts of urea fertilizers under the water stress conditions on yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and effective ingredients of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was implemented during the two cultivation years ...
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In order to investigate the effects of biological fertilizers application and various amounts of urea fertilizers under the water stress conditions on yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and effective ingredients of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was implemented during the two cultivation years of 2015-2106 and 2016-2017. The study was conducted at the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch. The experiment was performed in three replications as a split-split plot in a completely randomized blocks design. The experimental treatments included two levels of water stress as (the main factor): the absence of water stress (control) and irrigation cut off at the budding stage, as well as, four levels of biological fertilizers (as sub-factor) (no use), the application of Azotobacter (Chroococum), the application of Azospirillum (Brasilense), and combined application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum. Urea fertilizer sources were also classified (sub-factor) in four levels including no use (control), recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer (175 kg/ha of recommended amount of fertilizer), 75% of recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer (131 kg/ha), and the recommended amount of urea fertilizer without coating at 175 kg/ha. The results showed that irrigation cut off at budding stage resulted in reduced flower yield, biological yield, the amount of nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency (crop efficiency), and nitrogen uptake efficiency. However, it resulted in the increased nitrogen use efficiency, α-cadinol, and morolol. In addition, in both years of experiment, the combined use of Azotobacter and Azospirillum, along with the recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer resulted in the increased content of α-cadinol. The highest nitrogen use efficiency was achieved under non-water stress conditions and the combined use of bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter and Azospirillum) and the use of 75% of the recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer. In the second year, the lack of water stress and the combined use of bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter and Azospirillum) and the recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer also resulted in a significant reduction in nitrogen use efficiency. In the first and second years, the lack of water stress and the combined use of Azotobacter and Azospirillum and the recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer resulted in increased flower yield and biological yield.
H. Vosoughi Tabar; S.A. Hosseini Tafreshi; H. Dehghanzadeh
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of Azotobacter on growth indices, yield and essential oil content of two cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) landraces under salinity conditions, an experiment was carried out in a factorial design arranged as randomized complete block design with three replications in ...
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In order to investigate the effects of Azotobacter on growth indices, yield and essential oil content of two cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) landraces under salinity conditions, an experiment was carried out in a factorial design arranged as randomized complete block design with three replications in 2015 at the Kashan University. The treatments included two cumin landraces (Ardestān and Mashhad Ardehal), four salinity levels (control, 100, 150 and 200 mili molar Nacl) and two levels of azotobacter (control and seed inoculation). Results showed that salinity and inoculation with bacteria had a very significant effect on germination rate and percentage, radicle length and plumule height. Increased concentrations up to 200 Mm sodium chloride resulted in a significant reduction in germination percentage and germination rate, radicle length, plumule height, grain yield and essential oil yield. According to the results, in both landraces and at all salinity levels, inoculation with bacteria, resulted in a significant increase in chlorophyll a, b, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, grain yield and essential oil yield compared to the control. The Ardestān landrace had the highest chlorophyll a and b, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and essential oil content and tolerated salinity better compared to the Ardehal Mashhad landrace. In salinity conditions, inoculation of seeds with Azotobacter could reduce the negative effects of stress and improve the germination rate, seed yield and essential oil yield. The results of this experiment indicated that Ardestān landrace could be cultivated and used to reduce the effects of salinity due to the inoculation with Azotobacter, and higher grain yield and essential oil yield could be obtained under conditions similar to this experiment.
F. Ghanepasand; M.R. Haj Seyed Hadi
Abstract
In order to assess the effects of nitrogen fixing bacteria and manure application on yield and essential oil of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), an experiment was carried out at the RAN Research Station in Firouzkouh in 2012. The study was conducted in a 4×4 factorial experiment, arranged in a ...
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In order to assess the effects of nitrogen fixing bacteria and manure application on yield and essential oil of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), an experiment was carried out at the RAN Research Station in Firouzkouh in 2012. The study was conducted in a 4×4 factorial experiment, arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The treatments consisted of 4 levels of manure (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 ton ha-1) and 4 levels of fixing bacteria (Control, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Azotobacter + Azospirillum). The present results showed that the highest height (48.7 cm), essential oil percentage (0.14 %) and essential oil yield (768.31 g ha-1) were obtained after using 7.5 ton manure ha-1. While, the highest biological yield (1829.16 kg ha-1) and seed yield (556.22 kg ha-1) were obtained by 5 ton manure ha-1. Results of this investigation showed that the maximum plant height (49.61 cm), seed yield (553.41 kg ha-1), harvest index (37.71 %), biological yield (1697.21 kg ha-1) and essential oil yield (664.09 g ha-1) were obtained when Aotobacter+Azospirillum was inoculated with black cumin seeds simultaneously. Combined application of nitrogen fixing bacteria and manure could be helpful in developing of production and yield in Nigella sativa L.
M. Otroshy; F. Vafadar Esfehan; R. Amooaghaie
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana Bert.is a medicinal plant, mostly utilized as a suitable sweeter for diabetic patients. In this research, the effect of single or co-inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) and bacteria (Bacillus polymixa, Pesudomonas putida and Azotobacter chroococcuom) on regenerated plantlets ...
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Stevia rebaudiana Bert.is a medicinal plant, mostly utilized as a suitable sweeter for diabetic patients. In this research, the effect of single or co-inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) and bacteria (Bacillus polymixa, Pesudomonas putida and Azotobacter chroococcuom) on regenerated plantlets in tissue culture was investigated in intervals of 15, 30, 45, 60 days after planting. Results showed that in comparison to control, inoculation with single and triple treatments significantly increased length, fresh and dry weight of aerial parts and stevioside content until 60 days after planting while the best enhancement was observed in dual inoculations especially in Glomus+Azotobacter treatments. Interestingly, in dual or triple inoculations, maximum relative growth rate was obtained in 15-30 days and reduced in 30-45 days after planting that was in accordance with their flowering time but in single inoculation maximum relative growth rate was available in 30-45 days and with promoting of flowering phase in 45-60 days declined severely. However, maximum stevioside accumulation rate was obtained 30-45 days after planting in all treatments and in 45-60 days after planting reduced severely in single or triple inoculations and more slightly in dual inoculations. Therefore, microorganisms affect relative growth rate, phenology and stevioside accumulation pattern in stevia.
P. Rezvani Moghaddam; S.M. Seyedi; M. Azad
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of organic, chemical and biological sources of nitrogen on nitrogen and fertilizer use efficiency of black seed (Nigella sativa L.), a field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2009-2010. The experiment ...
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In order to investigate the effects of organic, chemical and biological sources of nitrogen on nitrogen and fertilizer use efficiency of black seed (Nigella sativa L.), a field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2009-2010. The experiment was arranged by using a completely randomized block design based on factorial fashion with three replications and twenty-five treatments. The experimental treatments included different sources of nitrogen (manure, compost, vermicompost, urea fertilizer and control) and different biological fertilizers (nitroxin including Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp), mycorrhizae, nitroxin+mycorrhizae, biosulfur ((including Thiobacillus sp.) +sulfur and control (no biofertilizer). Results indicated that in spite of significant effects of sources of nitrogen and biological fertilizer on nitrogen and fertilizer use efficiency of black seed, interactions between these factors had no significant effects on mentioned traits. Results showed that nitrogen and fertilizer use efficiency of black seed in organic fertilizer treatments were significantly higher than that of urea fertilizer. The biological fertilizer had no significant increasing effects on mentioned traits, except biosulfur + sulfur bentonite. It seems that in the alkalic soils, biosulfur biofertilizer plus sulfur could contribute in increasing the nitrogen uptake and use efficiency of black seed, by decreasing the soil pH.
L. Jafarzadeh; H. Omidi; A. Bostani
Abstract
To investigate the effect of drought stress and bio-fertilizer (nitrogen) on flower yield, yield components, photosynthesis pigments and proline content of Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.), a study was performed at Shahed University Agricultural Research Station, located 30 km south of Tehran. A ...
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To investigate the effect of drought stress and bio-fertilizer (nitrogen) on flower yield, yield components, photosynthesis pigments and proline content of Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.), a study was performed at Shahed University Agricultural Research Station, located 30 km south of Tehran. A split-plot experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in cropping years of 2010-2011. Drought, as the main factor, included soil water potential (SWP) of 0.5 atm and equal to field capacity (FC) as control, SWP of 3.5 atm as moderate stress, SWP of 6.5 atm as relatively sever stress, and SWP of 10 atm as severe stress and was applied to the four-leaf stage. Application of bio-fertilizer (nitrogen) as sub factor including control, 2 liters/ha bio fertilizer (nitrogen) with water irrigation and inoculation of 2 liters/ha bio-fertilizer (nitrogen) with seed treatment), were considered in subplots. Results showed that drought, application of bio fertilizer (nitrogen) and its interaction had a significant effect (P≤0.01) on plant height, flower yield, photosynthesis pigment content, proline content, and flower extract percentage. The highest flower yield (574.46 kg.ha-1) and yield of flower extract (22.79 %) were obtained at a soil water potential (SWP) of 0.5atm (FC). Also, the highest plant height (27.11cm) and photosynthesis pigment contents (17.59 mg/g) were obtained under moderate stress (SWP of 3.5atm). Proline content under optimum irrigation (SWP of 0.5atm or FC) was 47 % lower than that of relatively severe stress (SWP of 6.5atm). Based on the results, the highest plant height, flower yield, proline content and yield of flower extract were obtained from inoculation of bio-fertilizer (nitrogen) with seed treatment. In generall, results showed that calendula along with application of two liters/ha bio-fertilizer (nitrogen) with seed inoculation can tolerate relatively severe levels of drought (SWP of 6.5 atm).
S. Yousefzadeh; S.A.M. Modarres-Sanavy; F. Sefidkon; A. Asgarzadeh; A. Ghalavand; M. Roshdi; A. Safaralizadeh
Abstract
To determine the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen on some morphologic traits and essential oil content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with 20 treatments and 3 replications. The study was performed in ...
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To determine the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen on some morphologic traits and essential oil content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with 20 treatments and 3 replications. The study was performed in two locations during 2009-2010 on research field at Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, and at the Khoy Agricultural Research Center in West Azarbaijan province. The treatments were consisted of two genotypes (landrace and SZK-1 cultivar), two seed inoculation treatments (either with or without bacterial inoculation with Azotobacter + Azosprillum + psedomonas) and five fertilization regimes (100% urea, 75% urea + 25% Azocompost, 50% urea + 50% Azocompost, 25% urea + 75% Azocompost and 100% Azocompost). Results showed that most of the studied morphologic traits were affected by genotype factor. The effect of fertilizer regime was significant on dry matter yield, percentage of essential oil and essential oil yield. The number of flowering branches in location one, and plant height, number of leaves per main stem and number of flowering branches in location two were affected by bacterial inoculation. Two-way interaction effects on a number of studied traits were significant. Three-way interaction effects were significant for the number of flowering branches in location one and the percentage of essential oil and dry matter yield in location two. The greatest plant height, height of the first flowering branch from ground level, number of leaves on the main stem, the number of lateral branches and essential oil yield were recorded for the landrace. The bacterial inoculation increased plant height, the number of leveas on the main stem, stem diameter and the number of flowering branches per plant. The application of 50% urea + 50% Azocompost increased dry matter yield, essential oil percentage and yield. The application of 100% Azocompost resulted in the least essential oil yield. Essential oil yield in landrace was more than that of SZK-1 cultivar. Bacterial inoculation could enhance the essential oil yield in both genotypes, particularly in landrace. In general, results showed that application of 50% urea + 50% Azocompost integrated with bacterial inoculation can be a suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers.
M.T. Darzi; M.R. Hadj Seyed Hadi; F. Rejali
Abstract
In order to study the effect of organic manure and biofertilizer on some morphological traits and yield in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), an experiment was conducted as factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete blocks design with twelve treatments and three replications at homand research ...
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In order to study the effect of organic manure and biofertilizer on some morphological traits and yield in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), an experiment was conducted as factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete blocks design with twelve treatments and three replications at homand research station in Damavand of Iran in 2010. The factors were cattle manure in four levels (5, 10, 15 and 20 ton/ha) and plant growth promoter bacteria in three levels (inoculation with azotobacter, inoculation with azospirillum and inoculation together). Besides, these treatments with a control treatment (without fertilizer) were also evaluated using a randomized complete blocks design with thirteen treatments and three replications. Results showed that the highest umbel no./plant, 1000 seed weight, and seed yield were obtained with consumption of 15 ton/ha cattle manure. Plant growth promoter bacteria also showed significant effects on umbel no./plant and seed yield (except 1000 seed weight). The maximum umbel no./plant were obtained with two treatments of inoculation with azotobacter and inoculation with azospirillum and seed yield were obtained with azospirillum inoculation. Interactions between factors on umbel no./plant and 1000 seed weight were significant. Differences between control and other treatments were significant, as umbel no./plant in treatment of 15 ton/ha cattle manure application and inoculation together and also, 1000 seed weight and seed yield in treatment of 20 ton/ha cattle manure application and inoculation with azospirillum were higher than control.
M. Makkizadeh; M.R. Chaichi; S. Nasrollahzadeh; K. Khavazi
Abstract
Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants as its essential oil is used in different industries including pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food.In this research, effect of different types of nitrogen fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of summer ...
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Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants as its essential oil is used in different industries including pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food.In this research, effect of different types of nitrogen fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of summer savory was evaluated in a complete randomized blocks design with three replications .The treatments included chemical fertilizer (150 kg/ha urea), biofertilizer (Azospirillum & Azotobacter), combinations of biofertilizer and 50% chemical fertilizer and control. Different characteristics such as plant height, number of lateral branches, flowering shoot dry weight, shoot dry weight, essential oil yield and essential oil percentage were recorded.According to the results, all studied characteristics were affected by different types of nitrogen fertilizers and the highest records were obtained at 50% chemical fertilizer. Percentage of essential oil was also significantly affected by fertilizer treatments as the most percentage of essential oil was respectively obtained at chemical fertilizer (2.07%), combination of biofertilizer and 50% chemical fertilizer (1.91%) and biofertilizer (1.90%). Application of different nitrogen sources significantly increased essential oil yield compared to the control treatment and the highest essential oil yield was obtained at combinations of biofertilizer and 50% chemical fertilizer (30.23 kg/ha). Afterward, chemical fertilizer and biofertilizer respectively produced the most essential oil yield. Our results indicated thatapplication of bio-fertilizers alone or in combination with chemical fertilizer has positive effects in improvement of qualitative and quantitative traits of Summer savory; so it could be considered instead of continuous use of chemical fertilizersas a shift towards sustainable agriculture and reduce pollution from chemical fertilizer.
S. Mafakheri; R. Omidbaigi; F. Sefidkon; F. Rejali
Abstract
Dracocephalum moldavica L. is an annual species of the Lamiaceae family with local and global importance. The aerial parts of the plant containing essential oil used in medicinal, cosmetic and food industries. In order to study the effects of biofertilizers on quantity and quality of essential ...
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Dracocephalum moldavica L. is an annual species of the Lamiaceae family with local and global importance. The aerial parts of the plant containing essential oil used in medicinal, cosmetic and food industries. In order to study the effects of biofertilizers on quantity and quality of essential oil in Dragonhead including the content of the essential oil and the content of the geraniol, geranial and geranyl acetate in the essential oil, an experiment was conducted at Tarbiat Modarres University in 2009. The factors were vermicompost (0, 15, 30% V/pot), Azotobacter (inoculated and non-inoculated) and phosphatic biofertilizer (inoculated and non-inoculated). A factorial experimental design was applied in a randomized complete blocks with twelve treatments and three replications. Mean comparison was carried out using Tukey multiple range test at 5% level. Results showed that the highest essential oil content (0.74%) and geranyl acetate content in the essential oil (61.1%) were obtained at the third level of the Vermicompost treatment (30%). The highest geraniol and geranial content in the essential oil (24.2% and 18.2%) respectively were obtained with V15× B0 and V15×A0.
