M. Mazloom; S. Naderinezhad; F. Vahedian; F. Haghiralsadat; F. Daneshmand
Abstract
Essential Oils (EO) are highly volatile compounds. Encapsulation of EO into the nano-carrier leads to reduced EO volatility and oxidation, as well as increased therapeutic efficiency. The aim of this study was to synthesize a biocompatible nano-niosome containing Mentha piperita L. and Mentha pulegium ...
Read More
Essential Oils (EO) are highly volatile compounds. Encapsulation of EO into the nano-carrier leads to reduced EO volatility and oxidation, as well as increased therapeutic efficiency. The aim of this study was to synthesize a biocompatible nano-niosome containing Mentha piperita L. and Mentha pulegium L. EO and develop herbal-medicine system with suitable encapsulation efficiency. Hence, the amount and type of surfactant and also the amount of phospholipid were investigated in various niosomal formulations. Furthermore, the optimized formulation was introduced in terms of EO loading efficiency by investigating the acidity effect of hydrating buffer at 7.4 (neutral), 5.0 (acidic) and 9.0 (alkaline) pH. In addition, the EO release kinetic from the system was investigated in physiological conditions of normal (pH= 7.4, Temperature 37°C) and cancerous cells (pH= 5.4, temperature 42°C). Various niosomal formulations were prepared using thin-film method and the particle’s size, morphology, zeta potential and chemical interactions were characterized. Then, antioxidant activity of nanoparticles was evaluated by DPPH radical-scavenging assay. Results of the present study showed that the niosomal formulation containing soy phosphatidyl cholin, cholesterol, and tween-60 loaded with mint or Mentha pulegium EO (0.5 mg/mL),hydrated with PBS at pH= 9, had the highest loading efficiency. The EO loading efficiency for mint and Mentha pulegium was 61.36% and 74.31%, respectively. The investigation of morphology, size, and zeta showed particles to be spherical with the size less than 80 nm and anionic surface charge. EO release in acidic condition of cancerous cells and 42°C temperature was more than physiological conditions of normal cells, representing the sensitivity of synthesized formulation to pH and temperature. The FTIR analysis results showed that no interaction occurred between EO and noisome and the loading of EO into the niosomes did not make any changes in chemical nature of EO. In addition, the antioxidant activity of EO was very well preserved during the encapsulation.
M.R. Akhgar; P. Rajaei; S. Amandadi
Abstract
The genus Salvia, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, contains 58 species in Iran, 17 of which are endemic. In this study, Salvia macilenta Boiss. was collected from Bam-Jiroft road, Jebalbarez area, Kerman Province, Iran, in May 2012. The essential oils of leaves, flowers, stems and roots of the plantwere ...
Read More
The genus Salvia, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, contains 58 species in Iran, 17 of which are endemic. In this study, Salvia macilenta Boiss. was collected from Bam-Jiroft road, Jebalbarez area, Kerman Province, Iran, in May 2012. The essential oils of leaves, flowers, stems and roots of the plantwere separately extracted using hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In the leaf oil, 46 components were identified, representing 99.7% of the total oil, with α-pinene (36.4%), β-pinene (7.6%), borneol (5.4%) and β-caryophyllene (5.1%) as the main constituents. The flower oil was characterized by higher amount of α-pinene (45.1%), β-pinene (10.5%), camphene (8.8%) and limonene (6.8%) among the 26 components comprising 100% of the total oil detected. Furthermore, 18 compounds were identified in the stem oil, representing 97.5% of the total oil. α-Pinene (25.1%), bornyl acetate (16.8%), β-eudesmol (8.6%) and borneol (8.1%) were found to be the major constituents. In the root oil, 10 components were identified, representing 88.2% of the total oil, with trans-viridiflorol (18.1%), β-eudesmol (16.4%), trans-ferruginol (15.8%) and dibutyl phthalate (10.6%) as the main constituents. Consequently, the leaf, flower and stem essential oils of S. macilenta were rich in monoterpenes, while α-pinene, the dominant component of these oils, was not identified in the root oil.
M.R. Akhgar; D. Ghazanfari; H. Rahbari
Abstract
The genus Nepeta, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, has 67 species in Iran, most of which are endemic. In this study we provide a qualitative and quantitative comparison of essential oil of leaves, flowers, stems and roots. Nepeta bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Bornm., an endemic and aromatic species, was ...
Read More
The genus Nepeta, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, has 67 species in Iran, most of which are endemic. In this study we provide a qualitative and quantitative comparison of essential oil of leaves, flowers, stems and roots. Nepeta bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Bornm., an endemic and aromatic species, was collected from Hezar mountain, Kerman province, Iran, in May 2011. The essential oils of leaves, flowers, stems and roots of the plantwere separately extracted using hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In the leaf and flower oils, 38 and 19 components were identified, representing 98.% and 94.5% of the total oils, with 4aβ,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone (29.2% and 26.8%), 1,8-cineole (19.6% and 14.6%), 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (6.6% and 19.5%) and β-pinene (18.9% and 11.4%) as the main constituents, respectively. The stem oil was characterized by higher amount of 4aβ,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone (39.8%), caryophyllene oxide (24.1%) and 1,8-cineole (12.8%) among the 9 components comprising 95.8% of the total oil. Furthermore, 12 compounds were identified in the root oil, representing 99.3% of the total oil. 4aβ,7α,7aβ-Nepetalactone (73.2%) and 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (13.4%) isomers were found to be the major constituents. As a result, nepetalactone was the dominant component in the essential oils of N. bornmuelleri.
R. Omidbaigi; F. Fattahi; F. Fattahi; Gh. Karimzadeh
Abstract
Lemon thyme (Thymus× citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb) is a perennial sub shrub medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family. This plant is a hybrid between Thymus vulgaris and Thymus pulegioides. It has been used as a diaphoretic and for bronchitis. The oil has been found to possess ...
Read More
Lemon thyme (Thymus× citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb) is a perennial sub shrub medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family. This plant is a hybrid between Thymus vulgaris and Thymus pulegioides. It has been used as a diaphoretic and for bronchitis. The oil has been found to possess antimicrobial and antifungal activity. This study aims to determine the best harvest time of Lemon Thyme (Thymus × citriodorus) for maximum herbal yield and quantity of essential oil. This research was done at the Botanical Garden of Zardband Company located in the northern Tehran, Iran. Aerial parts of 4-year-old plants were harvested from 10 centimeters of land at 4 stages including: before flowering, beginning of flowering, full flowering and fruit set in the beginning of June to the end of July and then were air dried in the shade. Harvest time had a significant effect on fresh and dry weight of aerial parts in 0.1% probability level. According to the results maximum amount of fresh and dry weight of aerial parts of T× citriodorus plant were obtained from full flowering and fruit set stages. Based on the results harvest time had no significant effect on the essential oil of T× citriodorus. Although the highest essential oil content (2.21%) was extracted at beginning of flowering stage but there was no significant difference among different phonological stages. In conclusion, more suitable time for harvesting of T×citriodorus to achieve the maximum yield of essential oil production is at fruit set stage.
O. Khorsandi; A. Hassani; F. Sefidkon; H. Shirzad; A.R. Khorsandi
Abstract
Water and soil salinity on the environmental agents limit plant growth and its productivity in Iran. Anise Hyssop (Agastache foeniculum kuntz.) is a perennial and aromatic herb plant, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The essential oil of Anise Hyssop used in food industries, pharmacy, perfumery and ...
Read More
Water and soil salinity on the environmental agents limit plant growth and its productivity in Iran. Anise Hyssop (Agastache foeniculum kuntz.) is a perennial and aromatic herb plant, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The essential oil of Anise Hyssop used in food industries, pharmacy, perfumery and making soda. This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with six salt treatments including 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mM NaCl and four replications in green house. Some parameters such as growth, yield and content and composition of essential oil were modulated. The results showed that salt stress had significant effects on estimated parameters. Salinity decreased plant height, number and length of axillary shoots, steam diameter, length of internodes, number and area of leaves, fresh and dry weight of leave and shoot, herbal yield and amount of essential oil in pot. In the composition of essential oil β-pinene, myrcene, anisaldehyd and β-bourbonene increased and amount of linalool and methyl chavicol decreased. Also high salinity (100 and 125 mM) destroyed plants.
S. Saber Amoli; Sh. Noroozi; A. Shekarchian; M. Akbarzadeh; M. Kodoori
Volume 23, Issue 4 , February 2008, , Pages 532-543
Abstract
This research was conducted for identification of essential oil of Labiatae spesies and investigation of ecological characteristics of their habitates in Kerman province.The Labiatae is very important in production of essential oil. Ecological characteristics are required for cultivation of natural and ...
Read More
This research was conducted for identification of essential oil of Labiatae spesies and investigation of ecological characteristics of their habitates in Kerman province.The Labiatae is very important in production of essential oil. Ecological characteristics are required for cultivation of natural and self growing plants of this family. Kerman province is about 186423 km3 in area and placed in southeast of Iran. Lowest and highest altitude in this province is 300m to 4500m a.s.l. and more than 10 kinds of climates are found in this area. 51 essential oil species belong to 17 genera. They are collected and identified by Flora. Many ecological characteristics of habitat are recorded as soil texture, rainfall, temperature, altitude, life form. More species belong to Nepeta and Salvia genera; chamaephyte and terophyte life formes; semiarid-cold, semiarid-warm and arid desert-cold; 2000-3000 altitude. Ziziphora tenuir L., Teucrium polium L., Nepeta glomerulosa Boiss. and Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson are the most dispersed species in variety of climates, that indicates more ecological compitability of these species in different habitats.
F. borna; R. Omidbaigi; F. Sefidkon
Volume 23, Issue 3 , November 2007, , Pages 307-314
Abstract
Due to study the effect of swoing dates on Dragonhead, this research trial was carried out on randomized complete block design with three replications. The effects of sowing dates on 6 of March, 19 of March, 4 of April, 20 of April, 5 of May, 21 of May, 5 of June and 21 of June were studied on growth ...
Read More
Due to study the effect of swoing dates on Dragonhead, this research trial was carried out on randomized complete block design with three replications. The effects of sowing dates on 6 of March, 19 of March, 4 of April, 20 of April, 5 of May, 21 of May, 5 of June and 21 of June were studied on growth and herb yield of Dragonhead. The results showed that sowing dates has significant effect on growth and development of Dragonhead. The highest plant (82.5 Cm) and the largest number of branches per plant (18.14) was obtained from the plants which were sown on 19 of March and essential oil content (199.0 Kg/ha) was obtained from the plants which were sown on 4 of April. There was no significant effect among herb yield and essential oil percentage of different sowing dates. The highest essential oil content obtained from the plant were sown on 4 of April, therefore, sowing this plant is recommended.
A. Zarezadeh; M.B. Rezaee; A. Mirhosseini; M. Shamszadeh
Volume 23, Issue 3 , November 2007, , Pages 432-442
Abstract
According to national project of "identification and ecological investigation of Aromatic plants" collection and identification of Lamiaceae family Aromatic plants in different regions of Yazd province were done. Then the ecological parameters of different plantations such as pedology, latitude, altitude, ...
Read More
According to national project of "identification and ecological investigation of Aromatic plants" collection and identification of Lamiaceae family Aromatic plants in different regions of Yazd province were done. Then the ecological parameters of different plantations such as pedology, latitude, altitude, slope direct, slope percentage, annual precipitation and mean temperature, climate, dominant species, companion species and the best habitat with respect to abundance and density were recorded. The results showed, out of 71 aromatic plant species, 34 belonged to 15 genera related to Lamiaceae family. The important genera are Nepeta with 9 species and Salvia with 7 species. Biological forms of species include:Hemichryptophytes 52.9 %, Cryptophytes 11.8 %, Therophytes 20.6 %, Chamaephytes 11.8 % and phanerophytes 2.9 %. Hemichryptophytes have the most evential biological form. Most of these species are in high and mountainous areas.
R. Abbas Azimi; F. Sefidkon; Z. Jamzad; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki
Abstract
Vitex L. (250 species) is a large tropical genus with a few temperate species. Examining the morphological characters of leave, stem, corolla and calyx together, with the micro-morphological observations, revealed the occurrence of four species in the flora of Iran. These species are V. agnus-castus, ...
Read More
Vitex L. (250 species) is a large tropical genus with a few temperate species. Examining the morphological characters of leave, stem, corolla and calyx together, with the micro-morphological observations, revealed the occurrence of four species in the flora of Iran. These species are V. agnus-castus, V. negundo, V. trifolia and V. pseudo-negundo. In this research, four species of Vitex werecollected in flowering stage from their natural habitats. Hydro-distillation method was used to obtaining the essential oils. Essential oils components were identified by capillary GC and GC/MS. In the oil of V. agnus-castus, the main components of essential oil were monoterpenoids (82.8%) with 1,8-cineole (18.5%), α-pinene (17.8%) and limonene (15.7%) as major components. In the oil of V. pseudo-negundo, the main components of the essential oil were sesquiterpenoids (50.7%) which have the highest amount in comparing with other species and include α-guaiene (14.2%), germacrene D (11/6%) and α-cadinol (10%). Also the monoterpenoids of the oil of this species were α-pinene (10.3-24.5%), limonene (4.4-12.8%) and 1,8-cineole (10.9%). In the oil of V. negundo the major components were monoterpenoids (66.6%), among them 1,8-cineole (20.8%) and α-pinene (18.8%) were the main components. In the oil of V. trifolia, the major components were monoterpenoids (67.1%) and the main constituents were identified as sabinene (24.6%) and α- pinene (23.9%). 1,8-cineole was not found in the oil of this species. β-caryophyllene was identified at higher percentage (10.5%) in the oil of V. trifolia
F. Askari; F. Sefidkon; M. Mirza
Volume 19, Issue 2 , August 2003, , Pages 125-136
Abstract
One of the more distributed of The genus of Thymus is T. pubescens that is widespread in Tehran provinces up to 1800 m height and often widespread on flat and rocky surface. The aerial parts of Thymus pubescens were collected at four various localities in the Tehran province: Lar valley and Damavand ...
Read More
One of the more distributed of The genus of Thymus is T. pubescens that is widespread in Tehran provinces up to 1800 m height and often widespread on flat and rocky surface. The aerial parts of Thymus pubescens were collected at four various localities in the Tehran province: Lar valley and Damavand (East of Tehran province), Sirachal and Fasham (Northwest of Tehran province). Essential oils were isolated by steam distillation from the plant material at two stages, before flowering (BF) and at full flowering (FF). The yields arranged between 0.34% and 0.86% at BF stage and between 0.40% and 2.03% at FF stage. In most sites of collection the oil content at BF stage was less than FF stage and the oil percentage of plant material from Lar valley and Damavand was more than of Sirachal and Fasham. At BF stage 25 compounds and at FF stage 26 compounds were characterized by means of GC and GC/MS. Major constituents were: carvacrol, thymol, g-terpinene, r-cymene, borneol, methy carvacrol, b-caryophyllene, 1,8-cineol + limonene and Geraniol. Twenty-three constituents were common at two stages. Geranyl acetate and thymyl acetate were found just at BF stage and geranial, nerol, and thymodihydroquinone were found just at FF stage.
F. Sefidkon; A. Rahimi-Bidgoly
Volume 15, Issue 1 , January 2003, , Pages 1-22
Abstract
The aerial parts of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss & Hohen were collected in three stages of plant growth (before, at the beginning and complete flowering) from research station of Sirachal. The essential oils of plant materials were isolated by steam-, hydro- and water-steam distillation from the aerial ...
Read More
The aerial parts of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss & Hohen were collected in three stages of plant growth (before, at the beginning and complete flowering) from research station of Sirachal. The essential oils of plant materials were isolated by steam-, hydro- and water-steam distillation from the aerial parts. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. So, the effect of distillation methods and stages of plant growth on oil content and composition of Thymus kotschyanus was investigated. The oil yield, related to distillation method and stage of plant growth, was 0.28-1.80% w/w (the highest for complete flowering stage by hydrodistillation method). The main constituents in all of the oils were carvacrol (46.74-61.23%), thymol (7.51- 26.92 %), g-terpinene, p-cymene and borneol.
