Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Abdolbaset Mahmoudi; Mohammad-Taghi Ebadi; Mahdi Ayyari
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Eryngium billardieri, known as “Zul” or “Boghnagh,” and Eryngium caucasicum, known as “Chuchagh,” are two important species among the 11 known species of the Eryngium genus in Iran. Plants of this genus are used to produce hydrosol, which ...
Read More
Background and Objectives: Eryngium billardieri, known as “Zul” or “Boghnagh,” and Eryngium caucasicum, known as “Chuchagh,” are two important species among the 11 known species of the Eryngium genus in Iran. Plants of this genus are used to produce hydrosol, which is claimed to reduce blood glucose levels. Although the essential oil content of these species is relatively low, their diversity of volatile compounds is high. The aim of this study, consistent with previous research, is to investigate the water-soluble and water-insoluble volatile compounds of these two species. During hydrosol extraction from these plants, known as "Aragh-e Boghnagh," volatile compounds are transferred into the water; therefore, identifying water-soluble and water-insoluble volatile compounds is crucial for understanding the chemical composition of these species.
Material and Methods: In this study, E. billardieri (Zul or Boghnagh) was collected from three locations: Ganjname (GN, Hamedan province), Lardam (DL, Damavand, Tehran province), and Razghan (RZ), and E. caucasicum (Chuchagh) from Bojaq (BO) National Park (Gilan province) and Abr village (RA, Semnan province) at altitudes of 2800, 2450, 1750, -11, and 2056 m above sea level, respectively. Shade-dried plant materials were subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Essential oil content was calculated on a weight/weight (%) basis. After essential oil extraction, 100 ml of hydrosol was collected for fractionation using 100 ml ethyl acetate, performed in three replicates. The percentage of the organic fraction was calculated as weight/volume (grams per 100 ml of hydrosol). Essential oil composition was analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and quantified by GC-FID.
Results: The essential oil yields for all samples were 0.15%, 0.11%, 0.37%, 0.10%, and 0.12% w/w for GN, DL, RZ, BO, and RA, respectively. The main components of E. billardieri essential oils were 2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde (18.8%, 16.8%, 12.3%), sesquicineole (31.3%, 28.8%, 40.5%), and β-bisabolenal (9.2%, 13.8%, 7.3%) for GN, DL, and RZ, respectively. The main components of E. caucasicum essential oils were trans-caryophyllene (20.3% and 26.5%), β-bisabolene (7.4% and 9.8%), β-sesquiphellandrene (30.1% and 20.2%), and cis-falcarinol (16.6% and 23.2%) for RA and BO, respectively. The yields of ethyl acetate fractions were 0.031, 0.012, 0.023, 0.024, and 0.008 g per 100 ml of hydrosol for Of-GN, Of-DL, Of-RZ, Of-BO, and Of-RA, respectively. The main components of these fractions were 2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde (45.5%, 30.2%, 22.9%), sesquicineole (12.0%, 8.1%, 14.6%), 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone (9.1%, 12.4%, 17.8%), and p-vinyl-guaiacol (11.4%, 14.6%, 12.3%) for Of-GN, Of-DL, and Of-RZ, respectively. For Of-RA and Of-BO, the main components were 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone (6.7% and 21.8%), trans-β-ocimene (7.8% and 16.8%), p-vinyl-guaiacol (15.2% and 11.6%), and caryophyllene oxide (23.7% and 14.8%), respectively.
Conclusion: By identifying water-soluble and water-insoluble volatile compounds, the relationships between these compounds were clarified. In the fractions of both species, p-vinyl-guaiacol and 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone were the main compounds, which were not detected even in trace amounts in the essential oils. Additionally, 2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde was observed in the essential oil and organic fractions of both species, with higher content in E. billardieri than in E. caucasicum. Moreover, 2,3,4-trimethylbenzaldehyde was in both the essential oil and organic fraction of E. caucasicum hydrosol but only in the essential oil of E. billardieri.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
MOHAMMAD KARAMI; Bita Bakhshi; Mohammad-Taghi Ebadi; Mahdi Ayyari
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Nepeta crispa Willd., commonly known as Mofarrah, is an endemic plant of Iran belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Its distribution in Iran is limited to the western region, specifically Hamadan province. In this study, the plant was collected from three habitats in ...
Read More
Background and Objectives: Nepeta crispa Willd., commonly known as Mofarrah, is an endemic plant of Iran belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Its distribution in Iran is limited to the western region, specifically Hamadan province. In this study, the plant was collected from three habitats in Hamadan province, Arzanfood (Hamedan city), Gashani (Tuyserkan city), and Piste Eski (Hamedan city) at elevations of 3021, 2783, and 2686 meters above sea level, respectively, during the flowering stage. The research aimed to investigate the essential oil content and water-soluble volatile compounds (hydrosol) of N. crispa and to compare these compounds across different habitats. The study also sought to identify variations in essential oil main components and hydrosol to evaluate the influence of ecological characteristics on the plant's chemical composition.Methodology: The plant samples were shade-dried, and essential oil was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus for 3 hours. Water-soluble volatile compounds (hydrosol) were collected by leaving the exit part of the Clevenger open to condense vapor into liquid. The hydrosol was then separated using ethyl acetate solvent in a separatory funnel. The essential oil and hydrosol were analyzed using GC-FID and GC/MS.Results: The essential oil yields from the Arzanfood, Gashani, and Piste Eski samples were 2.01%, 1.97%, and 1.82% (w/w), respectively. The concentration of water-soluble volatile compounds in the hydrosol were 0.15, 0.11, and 0.12 grams per 100 ml, respectively. The primary compounds identified in the essential oil were 1,8-cineole (49.4%, 48.5%, and 60%), 4aα,7β,7aα-nepetalactone (27%, 3.7%, and 8.3%), 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (0.1%, 23.5%, and 7.2%), and β-pinene (4.3%, 5.4%, and 6.1%) for Arzanfood, Gashani, and Piste Eski, respectively. In the hydrosol, the main components were 4aα,7β,7aα-nepetalactone (74.1%, 40.3%, and 57.1%) and α-pinene oxide (4.6%, 7.1%, and 5.2%).Conclusion: The variation in essential oil yield across different habitats highlights the impact of ecological factors on the quantity of essential oil. The highest essential oil yield (2.01%) was observed in the Arzanfood sample, which also has the highest elevation among the studied regions. A total of 22 compounds were identified in the essential oil, with 18, 20, and 17 compounds detected in the Arzanfood, Gashani, and Piste Eski samples, respectively. The dominant compound in the essential oil was 1,8-cineole, while 4aα,7β,7aα-nepetalactone was the most abundant compound in the hydrosol. This study marks the first report on the hydrosol analysis of N. crispa from different habitats.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
A. Mahmoudi; M. Karami; M.T. Ebadi; M. Ayyari
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of infrared drying on color parameters, essential oil content and composition of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), three different infrared intensities (125, 132, and 220 W) with three airflow velocities (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m.s-1) on a total of nine treatments were ...
Read More
To evaluate the effect of infrared drying on color parameters, essential oil content and composition of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), three different infrared intensities (125, 132, and 220 W) with three airflow velocities (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m.s-1) on a total of nine treatments were examined in a completely randomized design, and the shade-dried plants were considered as a control treatment. The results indicated that the treatments had significant effects on drying time, color parameters, and essential oil content. The control (shade drying) and the 220 W radiation intensity with 0.5 m.s-1 air velocity treatments had the highest (2367 min) and lowest (83 min) drying time, respectively. With increasing infrared intensity, the main color parameters such as L, a, b, ΔE (total color changes) and BI (browning index) changed significantly, compared to the control; however, increasing the airflow rate caused less variation of the mentioned parameters in all levels of infrared radiation intensity than the control. The highest essential oil content (0.23% w/w) was obtained at 125 W radiation intensity with 0.5 m.s-1 air velocity and the lowest (0.12% w/w) was observed at the 220 W radiation intensity with 0.5 and 1 m.s-1 air velocity treatments. Essential oil analysis showed that the highest amount of α-bisabolol-oxide A (60.6%), (Z)-spiroether (16.5%), and chamazulene (4.6%) belonged to 132 W radiation intensity with 0.5 m.s-1 air velocity, 220 W radiation intensity with 0.5 m.s-1 air velocity, and control treatments, respectively. In general, the results of this experiment showed that due to the decreased duration of drying time, color preservation and desired essential oil content and composition, the 125 W radiation intensity with 0.5 m.s-1 air velocity treatment could be a suitable method for chamomile flowers drying.
H. Pirani; M.T. Ebadi; A. Rezaei
Abstract
Ensuring the healthy and sustainable production of agricultural products, esp. medicinal plants, while preserving the environment, is an important issue that is becoming increasingly important every day. To investigate the effect of seaweed fertilizer foliar application on growth characteristics and ...
Read More
Ensuring the healthy and sustainable production of agricultural products, esp. medicinal plants, while preserving the environment, is an important issue that is becoming increasingly important every day. To investigate the effect of seaweed fertilizer foliar application on growth characteristics and quantitative and qualitative yield of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four treatments of seaweed fertilizer (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 ml.l-1) and three replications in the research farm of faculty of agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran province, Iran in 2017. Measured traits included plant height, leaf area, stem diameter, top flowering branch length, fresh and dry weight of the plant, chlorophyll content index, yield, essential oil content, and composition. The results showed that seaweed fertilizer had a significant effect on all studied traits except top flowering branch length and stem diameter, and the highest plant height (49.66 cm), fresh and dry weight of the plant (103.22 and 22.89 g, respectively), leaf area (0.77 cm2) and chlorophyll content (61.83) were obtained in 10 ml.l-1 seaweed fertilizer treatment without significant difference from 5 ml.l-1 treatment. Also, the 10 ml.l-1 treatment caused the highest percentage and yield of essential oil (0.58% and 2.12 g.m-2). Essential oil analysis showed that β-pinene, trans-pinocamphone, and cis-pinocamphone were the main compounds of essential oil in all treatments. The highest content of β-pinene (32.8%), cis-pinocamphone (42.5%), and trans-pinocamphone (19.6%) was observed in 5, 2.5 and 10 ml.l-1 seaweed fertilizer treatments, respectively, without significant difference from control treatment. Based on the results of this study, the application of seaweed fertilizer can improve the growth characteristics and quantitative and qualitative yield of hyssop.
A. Mahmudi; M.T. Ebadi; M. Ayyari
Abstract
In this study, Eryngium thyrsoideum Boiss. was collected from three regions Razjerd (Rz) (Qazvin province), Salavatabad (Sv) (Sanandaj, Kurdistan province), and Paygelan (Py) (Marivan, Kurdistan province) at 1700, 1780, and 1840 m above the sea level, respectively, and ...
Read More
In this study, Eryngium thyrsoideum Boiss. was collected from three regions Razjerd (Rz) (Qazvin province), Salavatabad (Sv) (Sanandaj, Kurdistan province), and Paygelan (Py) (Marivan, Kurdistan province) at 1700, 1780, and 1840 m above the sea level, respectively, and their volatile components were evaluated. The shade-dried plant materials were hydrodistillated by Clevenger-type apparatus for three hours. The analysis of essential oils composition was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantified by GC-FID. The essential oil content was obtained 0.06, 0.05, and 0.07% (w/w) for Rz, Py and Sv, respectively. The main components of essential oils were 2,3,6-trimethyl benzaldehyde (18.6, 11.5 and 34.0%), 2,4,6-trimethyl benzaldehyde (3.0, 1.0 and 4.1%), germacrene D (2.5, 12.6 and 6.0%), ethyl linoleate (7.6, 8.7 and 5.1%), sesquicineole (0.3, 5.8 and 3.0%), and trans-caryophyllene (5.6, 2.5 and 1.9%) (the numbers in parentheses for Rz, Py and Sv, respectively). In this regard, the water-soluble volatile components of these plants, as distilled water components obtained from the Clevenger side part, were also extracted and finally separated using ethyl acetate solvent and analyzed similarly to essential oil compounds. The amount of these components, as the organic fraction (Of) of distilled water, was 0.017, 0.02, and 0.04 gram per 100 ml of distilled water in Rz, Py, and Sv samples, respectively. The main identified components of these fractions were, 2,3,6-trimethyl-benzaldehyde (69.8, 54.5 and 58.6%), p-vinyl-guaiacol (12.0, 26.7 and 24.7%), 2,4,6-trimethyl-benzaldehyde (9.7, 5.8 and 4.4%), and trans-anethole (4.0, 4.1 and 5.0%) for OfRz, OfPy, and OfSv, respectively. Although E. thyrsoideum does not have a high essential oil percentage, it has a wide range of components. This species has a high content of trimethyl-benzaldehye family compounds. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of volatile components of E. thyrsoideum.
A. Hasani; M.H. Khoshtaghaza; M.T. Ebadi
Abstract
In this study, the effect of microwave drying method (at five power levels: 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 watts) on drying time, color change, amount of organic acids and vitamin C of sumac fruit (Rhus coriaria L.) was investigated. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three ...
Read More
In this study, the effect of microwave drying method (at five power levels: 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 watts) on drying time, color change, amount of organic acids and vitamin C of sumac fruit (Rhus coriaria L.) was investigated. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications and the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to find the optimum points for the minimum drying time and color changes or the maximum organic acids and vitamin C during drying. The results showed that microwave drying had significant effect on the color, the amount of organic acids and vitamin C at 5% probability level but it had significant effect on drying time at 1% probability level. Among the different microwave powers, the highest and lowest organic acids were obtained at 1000 and 600 watts with values of 1.46 and 1.11 mg/100 g, respectively, and the highest and lowest vitamin C was obtained at 600 and 1000 watts with values of 0.40 and 0.26 mg/100g, respectively. The best situation for microwave drying (with the lowest drying time and color variations and the maximum phytochemicals) was obtained at 815 watts. Finally, the lowest color changes and the highest amount of organic acids and vitamin C were observed in the shade drying method.
F. Jangi; M.T. Ebadi; M. Ayyari
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of infrared radiation intensity and air velocity on some of the qualitative characteristics of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) during the drying process, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. The infrared radiation ...
Read More
In order to investigate the effects of infrared radiation intensity and air velocity on some of the qualitative characteristics of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) during the drying process, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. The infrared radiation intensity was investigated at three levels of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 W/cm2 and the air flow velocity at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m/s, and traits such as color parameters, essential oil content and composition were evaluated. The results showed a significant effect of treatments on all studied traits. In the radiation intensity of 0.3 W/cm2, with increasing air flow velocity, there was a significant increase in the desired color parameters such as brightness index (L), green color (a) and color purity (chroma). Generally, the color of samples was better maintained at lower radiation intensities. The essential oil content of dried samples in the intensity of 0.2 and 0.3 W/cm2 was about 0.2% higher than the radiation intensity of 0.5 W/cm2. Increasing the air flow velocity at low radiation intensities reduced the essential oil percentage, but in 0.5 W/cm2, the essential oil content increased by 0.17% with increasing the air flow velocity. The amount of cis-Pinocamphone in the essential oil of treated samples with a low-intensity infrared radiation was higher than the high-intensity treated ones, so that the amount of this component in 0.2 W/cm2 was 3.5 to 18.9% more than 0.5 W/cm2. Overall, the results of this study showed that the use of low infrared radiation intensity in drying process of hyssop could preserve leaves color parameters along with the essential oil content and its main components.
