Biotechnology
A. Shayan; M. Shokrpour; V. Nazeri; M. Babalar; A. Mehrabi
Abstract
Cultivation development of adaptable Thymus daenensis Celak to specific environmental conditions through population improvement requires the creation of a genetic pool rich of superior genotypes and exploitation of this diversity to identify genotypes with high combinability. In this research, to study ...
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Cultivation development of adaptable Thymus daenensis Celak to specific environmental conditions through population improvement requires the creation of a genetic pool rich of superior genotypes and exploitation of this diversity to identify genotypes with high combinability. In this research, to study the genetic diversity and combinability of different T. daenensis ecotypes under salinity, a factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included salinity stress (0 and 90 mM NaCl) and ecotype (12 half-sib families derived from a polycross between 12 T. daenensis ecotypes). Salinity decreased all the measured traits (except for proline and carotenoids content) significantly compared to the control. The ecotypes differed significantly from each other in terms of length and leaf width, length of lateral branches, aerial parts dry weight, essential oil content, and proline content. Essential oil content and leaf width obtained the highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation. General heritability of the studied traits varied from 4.61% (leaf length) to 81.07% (leaf width). The highest general heritability was assigned to leaf width, essential oil content, and aerial parts dry weight. Regarding the higher genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, and genetic advance of the traits including essential oil content and aerial parts dry weight, these traits could be considered as the most important criteria for the parents selection in the breeding programs of T. daenensis. The results showed that the ecotypes Malayer2, Zagheh, Arak, and Ilam had high combinability in terms of essential oil content. Considering the sufficient genetic diversity observed between the studied ecotypes along with their adequate combinability, it could be recommended to breed T. daenensis through the strategy of improving the population by producing synthetic cultivars for normal (non-stress) and salinity conditions.
V. Nazeri; R. Kiani; K. Rezaei; R. Kalvandi
Abstract
Linum album Ky. ex Boiss, belonging to the Flax family, is one of the endemic plants in Iran. To investigate the genetic diversity of this plant with using of morphological traits and fatty acid profile, 11 populations of this plant were selected from Hamadan province. In spring and summer of 2014, five ...
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Linum album Ky. ex Boiss, belonging to the Flax family, is one of the endemic plants in Iran. To investigate the genetic diversity of this plant with using of morphological traits and fatty acid profile, 11 populations of this plant were selected from Hamadan province. In spring and summer of 2014, five whole-plant samples were selected randomly from each population at flowering and seed ripening stage. Then, quantitative (33 traits) and qualitative measurements (9 traits) were done with five replications for each trait. Data were analyzed by SAS.v9.2 software. Means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test (at the 5% level), and the relationship between fatty acids and climate characteristics were measured using canonical correlation. According to the results, this species grows in Hamadan Province at an altitude of 1551 to 2176 meters above sea level. Populations showed significant differences in all traits at the 5% level except six of them, including length, width, and length to width ratio of stem leaves as well as length to width ratio of bracts. The results showed that palmitic acid (5.5-6.5%), stearic acid (0.5-5.1%), oleic acid (21.9-28.1), linoleic acid (15.4-66.8%) and linolenic (2.0-45.7%) acid were the main components of the fatty acid in seeds of flax and Linum album, and a large difference was found for the percentage of these compounds between the two species and in different populations of Linum album. Canonical correlation of geographical and ecological characteristics with the fatty acids of seeds showed that the amount of linolenic acid in the seed oil is increased with the increase in available phosphorus, available potassium, organic matter, EC, annual precipitation, and mean annual temperature. The yield of Linum album washigher in areas with an altitude of 1700 m, average annual temperature of 13°C, annual rainfall of 340 mm and southern slopes. Although introducing a population for cultivation and domestication of Linum album needs more researches, our results showed that populations A1, A4, A7 and A10 were potentially more suiteable.
M. Yousefi; V. Nazeri; M. Mirza
Abstract
In this study, 12 populations of Salvia leriifolia Benth. were collected to investigate the effects of environmental factors on the quantity and quality of essential oil. Oil was extracted using hydrodistillation based on the British Pharmacopoeia method. Chemical compositions of essential oils were ...
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In this study, 12 populations of Salvia leriifolia Benth. were collected to investigate the effects of environmental factors on the quantity and quality of essential oil. Oil was extracted using hydrodistillation based on the British Pharmacopoeia method. Chemical compositions of essential oils were detected using the GC-FID and GC-MS techniques. The influence of environmental factors on essential oil and chemical composition was analyzed using canonical correlation by SAS v. 9.1. Results showed that the average yield of essential oil were between 0.69-1.5% (v/w) for Tabas Sabzevar and Bajestan, respectively. Twenty-two compounds were identified, among which the concentration of juniper camphor (12.0-39.9%), 1,8-cineole (3.6-21%), β-pinene (8.7-18.1%) and α-pinene (4.4-10%) was high. Canonical correlation analysis among eight morphological traits and nine chemical properties revealed that the first six canonical variables had a significant canonical correlation. Canonical correlation coefficients of the first variable showed that high levels of α-pinene and β-pinene and low percentage of δ-cadinole had a direct and positive relationship with low amounts of soil calcium and potassium. In other words, the cultivation of S. leriifolia in soils rich in calcium and potassium increases δ-cadinole and α-pinene content and decreases β-pinene content in the essential oil.
M. Fattahi; V. Nazeri; F. Sefidkon; Z. Zamani
Abstract
Study on relationships between a species with its surrounding biotic and abiotic environment provides valuable information in terms of propagation, domestication and breeding. For this purpose, the autecology studies of Dradocephalum kotschyi Bioss was studied in 12 natural habitats. Natural habitats ...
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Study on relationships between a species with its surrounding biotic and abiotic environment provides valuable information in terms of propagation, domestication and breeding. For this purpose, the autecology studies of Dradocephalum kotschyi Bioss was studied in 12 natural habitats. Natural habitats were determined with using Flora Iranica and with the assistance of local people. Also, topography and climate conditions were determined for each natural habitat. In addition, phenology and dominant companion species were recorded in all growing regions. Other studied traits were mostly growth and reproductive ones including height, basal diameter and canopy cover which were evaluated in situ. Plant fitness was evaluated based on the number of produced seeds, flowering stems, observed expected and produced seeds. Results of topography and climate data showed that natural habitats were mostly in rocky highlands with a high relative humidity and cool weather in summer. Plant fitness and growth condition were significantly different in different regions which could be due to ecological and/ or genetic variations. According to the results, domestication and breeding programs are urgently required for the conservation of this valuable but endangered species.
M. Yousefi; V. Nazeri; M. Mirza
Abstract
Salvia leriifolia Benth. is one of the valuable medicinal plants of Lamiaceae. In order to evaluate genetic diversity among natural populations of Salvia leriifolia, 12 natural populations were chosen from South Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and Semnan provinces. To study and evaluate 33 vegetative and reproductive ...
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Salvia leriifolia Benth. is one of the valuable medicinal plants of Lamiaceae. In order to evaluate genetic diversity among natural populations of Salvia leriifolia, 12 natural populations were chosen from South Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and Semnan provinces. To study and evaluate 33 vegetative and reproductive morphological traits with five replications, 15 complete plants were collected from each locality at flowering and seeding stages. Flowering stems were used in order to extract the essential oil. Mean comparisons of data was performed by Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level of probability using SAS software. The populations were clustered by Ward method using SPSS software. Results showed that this plant grew well in a height of 1000-1533 above sea level, with an average temperature of 15-23ºcm and a precipitation of 80-194 mm in year. The most important morphological traits such as plant height, leaf length and width, were in the range of 18.9-35.8, 6.59-15.29 and 18.2- 29.7 cm, respectively. Maximum and minimum essential oil yield with 1.37 and 0.69 percent were obtained for Najmabad and Tabas Sabzevar, respectively. Populations of Salvia leriifolia were classified into three groups based upon collection locations. Results showed that "Najmabad" and "Bejestan" populations could be recommended for breeding and domestication programs because of appropriate morphological traits and abundant essential oil yield. Meanwhile, conservation of these populations is highly recommended.
M. Bigdeloo; V. Nazeri; J. Hadian
Abstract
Thymus caramanicus Jalas is belonging to family Lamiaceae. Among 250 species of this genus with a worldwide distribution, 14 species grow naturally in Iran. Thymus caramanicus Jalas is one of the endemic species which has distribution in central Iran. In this study, natural habitats of the species were ...
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Thymus caramanicus Jalas is belonging to family Lamiaceae. Among 250 species of this genus with a worldwide distribution, 14 species grow naturally in Iran. Thymus caramanicus Jalas is one of the endemic species which has distribution in central Iran. In this study, natural habitats of the species were identified in different regions of Kerman, Esfahan and Semnan provinces in 2010.Ten complete plants at flowering stage were collected from seven localities in order to study and evaluate the morphological characters. Flowering stems were used to extract essential oil. Characteristics associated with each habitat were recorded and three soil samples from each site were taken to evaluate soil physical and chemical properties. Vegetative and reproductive characteristics of each population and the essential oil of the studied species in each habitat were recorded. Results were analyzed using cluster analysis method with SPSS software and correlation between evaluated traits and essential oil productivity were determined. Populations were clustered in two groups based on all studied characters. Populations collected from Kerman and Esfahan provinces were located in a same group and populations from Semnan province were placed in an independent group. Differences between these two groups may be from different climates in their habitats and their adaptation to the different environmental factors. According to the results, the best vegetative and also reproductive characters such as flowering stem length, leaf length and width, number of flowers per inflorescence and corolla length and also the highest essential oil production (2-3%) were recorded for specimens from Kerman province; therefore, it is recommended for breeding programs or cultivation.
A.R. Yavari; V. Nazeri; F. Sefidkon; Z. Zamani; M.E. Hassani
Abstract
In the present study, the genetic variation within and among some populations of Thymus migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost was investigated using the RAPD markers. Twenty-one decamer RAPD primers produced 310 unique bands. RAPD analysis showed 14 monomorphic and 296 polymorphic bands in different genotypes. ...
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In the present study, the genetic variation within and among some populations of Thymus migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost was investigated using the RAPD markers. Twenty-one decamer RAPD primers produced 310 unique bands. RAPD analysis showed 14 monomorphic and 296 polymorphic bands in different genotypes. The number of polymorphic bands per primer varied from 5 to 20 with a mean of 14.09. Genetic distance was measured by Nei’s coefficient and cluster analysis was carried out. A dendrogram was drawn based on genetic distance data, applying the UPGMA clustering method. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed. According to the dendrogram, among T. migricus populations, Band and Jolfa populations had maximum differences with a distance of 0.130. Evaluation of genetic diversity within populations with an average of Nei’s gene diversity analysis and Shannon’s information index, showed that diversity within population of Jolfa (h = 0.196 & I = 0.294) was more than other populations while genetic diversity within population of Ghushchi (h = 0.139 & I = 0.209) was less than other populations. Mean of Fst and Nm indexes which show gene flow among populations, were 0.30 and 1.14, indicating a greater gene flow among five populations of T. migricus. The results of the present study showed that there was a greater level of genetic variation in the Iranian natural populations of T. migricus which could be applied for future breeding programs.
A.R. Yavari; V. Nazeri; F. Sefidkon; M.E. Hassani
Abstract
In order to evaluate sثرثقشم ecological factors and morphological traits and also to determine ploidy levels and chemical composition of essential oil of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak two natural habitats, Bostan-Abad and Yam habitats, were chosen in East Azerbaijan province. To ...
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In order to evaluate sثرثقشم ecological factors and morphological traits and also to determine ploidy levels and chemical composition of essential oil of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak two natural habitats, Bostan-Abad and Yam habitats, were chosen in East Azerbaijan province. To study and evaluate quantitative morphological characters, five complete plants and flowering branches were collected from each locality at flowering stage for essential oil extraction. Seeds also were collected in seed production season to study seed characters and chromosome counting. Ecological data of both localities also were recorded. Vegetative and reproductive traits of each population were studied and essential oil of each locality was analyzed by combination of GC-FID and GC-MS. At least 10 mitotic cells of each population were studied to determine chromosome number and ploidy levels. Results revealed that specimens from “Yam” had the longest flowering stems, the largest leaves and flowers, and also the highest number of flowers per inflorescence. Chromosome count results showed that specimens from Bostan-Abad were hexaploid (2n = 6x = 90) and those of Yam were tetraploid (2n = 4x = 60). The total yield of oils based on dry weight was 1.3% and 2.2% (w/w) from Bostan-Abad and Yam, respectively. Thymol was the main valuable phenolic compound similar to most of the species of genus Thymus (Bostan-Abad: 57.6% and Yam: 44.9%).
A.R. Yavari; V. Nazeri; F. Sefidkon; M.E. Hassani
Abstract
Thymus migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost.is one of the 14 species of genus Thymus L. which grows naturally in Iran. In this study, natural habitats of this species were identified during travels to different regions in East and West Azerbaijan provinces in the early of growth season in 2008. Five complete ...
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Thymus migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost.is one of the 14 species of genus Thymus L. which grows naturally in Iran. In this study, natural habitats of this species were identified during travels to different regions in East and West Azerbaijan provinces in the early of growth season in 2008. Five complete plants were collected from five localities in order to study and evaluate quantitative morphological characters. To study seed character, inflorescences were collected at the time of seed production. Flowering stems were used to investigate essential oil quantitatively. Data of locations, vegetative and reproductive characters of every population and amount of essential oils of each location were recorded. The results were analyzed using cluster analysis method with SPSS software. Populations were clustered based on vegetative, reproductive characters and essential oil amount. All populations were classified into 3 groups. "Band", "Nazloo" and "Ghushchi" populations in a same group, "Heris" clustered separately. Finally "Jolfa" population was placed in independent group. Specimens from "Jolfa" and "Nazloo" showed longest flowering stems, largest leaves and flowers and also highest essential oil production, therefore it is recommended for breeding programs in cold regions of northwest Iran.
A.R. Yavari; V. Nazeri; F. Sefidkon; M.E. Hassani
Abstract
Genus Thymus (Lamiaceae) consists of about 250 species. Fourteen species grow naturally in Iran of which four are endemic. Different species of Thymus are used as tonic, carminative, digestive, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, expectorant and for the cold treatment in Iranian traditional ...
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Genus Thymus (Lamiaceae) consists of about 250 species. Fourteen species grow naturally in Iran of which four are endemic. Different species of Thymus are used as tonic, carminative, digestive, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, expectorant and for the cold treatment in Iranian traditional medicine. Chemical composition of essential oil of T. migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost., a species grows in northwest of Iran, has been investigated in this paper. The aerial parts were collected from Ghushchi, Nazloo and Band regions from West Azerbaijan province in the middle of May 2008. Then air-dried flowering stems of the plant were submitted to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus according to the method recommended in British Pharmacopoeia. The essential oil was analyzed by combination of GC-FID and GC-MS. The total yields of oils based on dry weight were 1.5%, 1.7% and 1.4% (w/w) from Ghushchi, Nazloo and Band, respectively. Twenty, Eighteen and Twenty-one compounds were identified from Ghushchi, Nazloo and Band, respectively among which thymol (46.6-70.5%), γ-terpinene (6.2-16.7%) and p-cymene (4.0-6.2%) have been the three major and common constituents and also had high concentrations. With respect to high yield of essential oil and valuable phenolic compound in Nazloo specimen, it is suggested for medicinal applications.
